Bill Gates Essay

When I was young, math and science were the easiest subjects for me and I read all the time. In my house, weeknight TV was not allowed but reading, board games, card games and puzzles went on for hours. In sixth grade, I did a project as a young inventor and entrepreneur who manufactured and marketed a new project. I wrote my first computer program when I was 13 years old.To me the computer was a constant challenge to be mastered – I was HOOKED! I noticed In high school that PC's id not exist and businesses and unlettered used computers that were bigger then refrigerators. After high school, I went to Harvard University and that Is where I really started to keep up with the latest developments In computer technology. I dreamed that by creating a PC, business and school tasks would be so much easier. I wanted to solve peoples everyday problems and make money In the process.So I took a leave of absence from Harvard university to start a software company In 1977 and Paul Allen an d I formed Microsoft In New Mexico. I also created the term â€Å"Intellectual property to protect software programs with copyrights. My goal was to put a computer on every desk and in every home In 1978, Microsoft moved to Bellevue, Washington. After my partner left, I focused on individual computer users and our international sales force. Microsoft grew dramatically.Microsoft Windows was created in 1985 and we sold $140 million in products that year. I was working 16 hour days and busy with work until 1 993 when I finally proposed to Melinda French, one of my product managers at Microsoft. Over the last ten years, I have donated millions of dollars to charities focused in the education, health, art and cancer areas. I have also made ere to donate to computer centers at schools, colleges and universities throughout the united States.I am the proud dad of a daughter and a son and even though my work and house has a lot of technology, if you really want to do something good for chil dren the most important thing I can tell you is to read, read, read. Bill Gates Essay By Jake-Lang constant challenge to be mastered – I was HOOKED! I noticed in high school that PC's did not exist and businesses and universities used computers that were bigger then refrigerators. After high school, I went to Harvard University and that is where I really darted to keep up with the latest developments in computer technology.I dreamed solve people's everyday problems and make money in the process. So I took a leave of absence from Harvard University to start a software company in 1977 and Paul Allen and I formed Microsoft in New Mexico. I also created the term â€Å"intellectual property' every desk and in every home! In 1978, Microsoft moved to Bellevue, Washington. Work until 1993 when I finally proposed to Melinda French, one of my product the United States. I am the proud dad of a daughter and a son and even though my

Metaphors by Sylvia Plath

Pregnancy is supposed to be a time of joy and excitement for the mother to be. However, contrary to popular belief, pregnancy doesn’t protect a woman from becoming depressed. About 20 % of women experience some type of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and 10% develop major depression (Kahn, Moline, Ross, Cohen, Altshuler par. 3). Depression in America is an area of mental illness that is sometimes undetected and people who are feeling symptoms are unaware that the moods they are experiencing are actually normal signs that can be dealt with by medical experts.According to The American Pregnancy Association, depression that is not treated can have potential dangerous risks to the mother and baby. Untreated depression can lead to poor nutrition, drinking, smoking, and suicidal behavior, which can then cause premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental problems. A woman who is depressed often does not have the strength or desire to adequately care for herself or her d eveloping baby.Babies born to mothers who are depressed may also be less active, show less attention and are more irritable and agitated than babies born to moms who are not depressed (â€Å"American Pregnancy Association†). In the poem â€Å"Metaphors† by Sylvia Plath, her choice of words for the poem seem to express her feelings of depression toward the issue of her pregnancy. Plath chose many metaphors to describe her pregnancy. From her choice of words, one gets the feeling as if she is not enjoying the fact that she is pregnant, nor is she looking forward to giving birth.The beginning line, â€Å"I’ a riddle in nine syllables,† begins the pattern of nine syllable lines, with each line having nine syllables and containing nine lines. This reference to the nine months of pregnancy seemed to be an issue for her, and she unlike many pregnant mothers did not seem to want to relish this period of time. In the second line, Plath used the symbol of an elepha nt to describe how she is feeling about the physical state of her body. She clearly notes that she is getting larger, and the metaphor of an elephant clearly communicates this.In the third line, she denotes her size again with the personification, â€Å"A melon strolling on two tendrils. † One can easily picture an expecting mother’s stomach as a melon and her legs as tendrils, which she definitely needs for support as the melon gets larger and larger. In the fourth line, â€Å"O red fruit, ivory, fine timbers! † she is addressing the actual baby growing inside her. The red fruit is describing the color of the baby. As she refers to the ivory, she seems to be going back to the second line about the elephant.She is the elephant, but the baby is the ivory which she uses to describe the baby’s skin. Finally, as she notes fine timbers, she is again referring back to the second line about a house, and describes the baby as the timbers from which the house is c onstructed. In the fifth line, she continues to mention the growing baby, likening it to a loaf of bread rising in the oven. This seems to refer to the expression of â€Å"having a bun in the oven,† and again she shows her obsession of her body image and size.As she states, â€Å" Money’s new-minted in this fat purse†, she seems to be describing how this new baby will be a financial burden to her because of all the costs associated with raising a child. In the eighth line, when she refers to â€Å"eating a bag of green apples†, one gets the impression that she feels sick. The color green signifies feelings of illness. The saying â€Å"green around the gills† comes to mind as an idiom in which green and sickness are denoted. Green apples could also refer to their ripeness.The idea of unripe â€Å"green apples† could be indicating her feelings of not being prepared or wanting the pregnancy. The ninth line, Plath uses the metaphor; â€Å"Board ed the train there’s no getting off† seems to confirm her feeling of regret about getting pregnant. It seems to infer that Plath realizes that her life will never be the same as it was before and that she is stuck for a train ride that is going to last for many years to come. She seems to infer this baby will change her life and she will never have the freedoms she once had.Pregnancy is an emotional time with hormonal activity triggering mood swings. The general expectation is that the expectant mothers are happy and full of excitement. These expectant mother’s natural maternal instincts are anticipated to kick in and they are supposed to cope beautifully from the beginning of their pregnancy till the birth of the child. In reality, many expectant mothers torment themselves with concerns about their changing bodies and other worries. All of these feelings can trigger a mental disorder called antenatal depression (â€Å"Antenatal depression†).There seems ve ry little emotional support for women who suffer from these types of feelings. When an expectant mother visits her doctor, she is checked physically, but very seldom is checked emotionally. Subsequently, depressed moms feel isolated and inadequate and this state of being intensifies their feelings. Sylvia Plath seemed to be suffering from antenatal depression as she conveyed mixed feelings, issues of weight gain and body change, and life changes throughout the poem. She seemed focused on the symptoms and things that were occurring, rather than the fact that she was bringing another life into the world.She fixated on her misfortunes due to the pregnancy. Women in America today experience feelings similar to those described in the poem â€Å"Metaphors† and sometimes try to hide them because they aren’t â€Å"expected† to experience negative feelings according to modern culture. However, these feelings are very real symptoms and need to be addressed so that the mot her and baby can be healthy throughout the pregnancy and after the birth process. . â€Å"Depression In Pregnancy. † American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness.Web. 15 April 2013. ihttp://americanpregnancy. org/pregnancyhealth/depressionduringpregnancy. html Kahn, David, M. D. , Moline, Margarte L, Ph. D. , Ross, Ruth W. , M. A. , Cohen, Lee S. , M. D. , Altshuler, Lori L,. M. D. â€Å"Major Depression during Conception and Pregnancy: A Guide for Patients and Families. † 2001. Web. 14 April 2013. http://www. womensmentalhealth. org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/mdd_guide. pdf Plath, Sylvia. â€Å"Metaphors. † An Introduction to Literature. 16th ed. Glenview: Pearson, 2011. 620. Print.

Free Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free Trade - Research Paper Example After all, states aim at managing the economy such that people get goods at the lowest possible or affordable costs so that they can consume more and improve their living standard. Unfortunately, states do not have matching ownership on various resources that are necessary in the economy. For example, natural resource reserves such as iron, petroleum, coal, aluminum, copper and other differ widely among the nations. Other resources such as skilled and unskilled laborers, technology, or capital all vary substantially across the nations. Therefore, it becomes necessary for the countries to produce goods based on their core competencies and availability of resources so that goods are produced at the most economical cost. The surplus produce can be exchanged with the goods produced by other countries economically. The benefit of economic production can be availed only when there are no tariff barriers between the states. The free trade provides significant economic boost to the member co untries in terms of GDP, employment. It is in fact a win-win situation for people of both the countries. Based on the above perspective, the US entered into a free trade agreement between Canada and Mexico on January 1, 1994 that came to be known as NAFTA. It is a world’s largest free trade agreement covering 45 million people with the combined GDP of the US, Canada and Mexico have surpassed US $17 trillion based on 2008 figures significantly up from the 1993 figure at US$7.6 trillion. It has been argued that North American employment levels have increased by 23% since its beginning. This amounts to a net gain of 39.7 million jobs (Naftanow.org , 2012). Trade bloc countries eliminate tariffs thus making the cost of imports cheaper. As a result, demand of the goods spurts due to lower price availability. For exporters, it provides an increased business opportunity and for importers, consumers benefit

Research Summary and Ethical Considerations , spiritual coping Essay

Research Summary and Ethical Considerations , spiritual coping strategies - Essay Example Some of the spiritual coping strategies discussed in this paper include Jewish meditation, trust and acceptance and expansion of our personality. They are elaborated more by a mother who revealed about her boy, who was suffering from CF illness. She was incapable of healing mental illness, ease pain or motivating somebody to live. The first spiritual coping strategy is Jewish meditation. She focused on few verses that shaped her experience. She used to sing or chant them several times. One of the verses was (Ps. 51:15) which request God to open person’s mouth in order to praise Him. She used to say Adon Olam meaning God was with her, and she would not fear. When she faced confusion times and thought would be different, she would say there was nothing else but God (McSherry & Ross, 2010). The mother would elevate her mood being happy and rejoicing the day God has made for her. When she brimmed with thankfulness, she would give thanks to God claiming His kindness is everlasting. Meditation helps the nurses to show no tears, feelings or fear towards patients. The nurses harden themselves to patients’ suffering. If the nurses turns toward patient’s suffering, have a feeling towards them and work with compassion, they will end up suffering. The second spiritual coping strategy is to build trust and strength. The mother just accepted the things how they were and had the capability of doing what was necessary. The only tool she used was the prayers (McSherry & Ross, 2010). She regarded God as her caring father. She thought in two ways. One way was to thank God for taking care of all her needs, and the other was to thank God for creating all her needs. Building of trust is long term process. She trusted on what happened or was happening was from the will of God. The same case should apply to nurses; they should always accept the conditions the patients are

Analysing Conflict Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysing Conflict - Coursework Example A rookie metallurgist, who had been responsible for monitoring furnace conditions during melting processes and oversee casting processes, was also assigned the task of manually operating the overhead crane to fill in the molds with the molten steel. A foundry, being a stressful work environment, often makes things delicate with no chance for error and apprentice engineers are often made to undertake all responsibilities of the technicians for them to get acquainted with the equipment and work process. Under such circumstances, the fresh metallurgist filed a complaint against the foundry manager for assigning him tasks he was overqualified for, feeling that the task was below him and further took it as a personal insult or at minimum, an obstruction to his career. This case became the center of contention in the workplace hindering work shifts causing a rift between the technical labor and the engineers. To avoid spreading this chaos to other departments, the company decided to deal w ith the case by giving the metallurgist a hearing with the top management. Most of the top managers being in favor of the current process turned down most of the suggestions by the metallurgist which resulted in legal threats and further complication of the case. The contention, shortly followed by a previous cooled down conflict between labors and the top management, that had put the fresh engineers on wrong side of technician workforce had now also put the top management, engineers and managers alike, on a third stance further complicating the situation. In this case, experienced employee engineers were requested to intervene, to prevent legal ramifications or work process hindering, as a process of informal mediation. Conflicts can generally be divided into three main categories: relationship conflict, process conflict and task conflict. A relationship conflict would mainly consist of issues like personal discrimination and interpersonal conflicts between employees or the involve d people, task conflicts on the other hand are less of hindrance to the work process itself in general and often results in positive discussions about task improvement and goals. Process conflicts are more negative and often invite combinations of other conflicts to increase complications since the main issue is about the work process and the way things are being handled at work or a project. Greenberg (2003) describes a process conflict to be a clash of views about how task accomplishment should proceed in terms of assigned duties and tasks, responsibilities and accountability. A successful mediator needs to gather some essential data about the conflict in order to be fully equipped for dealing with the situation. The first thing to do is to understand the nature of the conflict. The three basic types defined above are essential to be considered. Once the nature of the conflict is known, the mediator would determine the underlying needs of the involved parties. Irvine and Adam Gers ch (2002) suggest such data gathering to be one of the basic roles of the mediator. Statistical data gathering has been termed as a best practice for mediation in contentious issues for satisfaction of the conflicting parties. Further data gathering would involve the types of tasks the perceived aggrieved party was made to perform in regards to the example of the metallurgist. These tasks would then be

Why I should be chosen to be the Muscle Activation Technique Trainer Essay

Why I should be chosen to be the Muscle Activation Technique Trainer for my company - Essay Example But to do this I will myself have to attend the lecture to get to know the concept inside out. This can transform lives and I don't want to miss this opportunity. The greatest pleasure is derived when a person helps another person and especially when a person is in excruciating pain, relieving him from his pain gives the ultimate joy. I firmly believe in this and this opportunity will surely give me a lot of joy and happiness. After learning the technique I will make it a point that I teach each and every one who comes in contact with me, so that this technique can pass on and be beneficial to several people. I have always wanted to do this right from my childhood; it is more like a dream to me than anything else. I would just like to say that I will be really lucky if I fulfill this dream of mine. I assure that I will certainly make a difference after learning the technique. The results will be in front of everyone to see. The satisfaction which I will derive from it would be the ultimate thing anyone would want.

Colin Crouch and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Colin Crouch and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This is either in respect to the global level or within different parts of the world at which different national as well as other political arrangements are very weak and also local social arrangements are unable to cope up with the large western corporations. In this context, this institutional weakness is extended to markets themselves that are frequently greatly imperfect. The organisational hierarchy in regard to the firms is sometimes regarded as the only basis of their governance. This has not only been internally accepted, but also externally considered. Various literatures on corporate social responsibility (CSR), have argued that corporate citizenship as well as similar terms comprises of the effort to provide different frameworks for that concerned governance. It is thus considered as a characteristic literature. A part of this literature is consisted of boldness of their different social achievements by different firms or business organisations across the globe and also th e academic supporters of these researchers. Another important part is consisted of appeals which are addressed to these firms around the world to behave with great responsibility. However, some researchers have realised a requirement for the learning of these different phenomena which are to be included within the general scientific literature in the context of these firms around the globe in respect to the environment. Consecutively, in the process of trying to come up to wide ranges of terms with the notion of CSR in this path assists in the process of the general development of the multidisciplinary approach in order to the learn the firm in respect to its wider context (Crouch, 2006, p.1). Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has began life as the strategy which has been adopted by specific large corporations in countries across the globe to obtain good reputations, and/or avoid the bad ones, (Crouch, 2011, p.7) for the purpose of their behavior outside the severe orb of market operations of themselves, in regard to their different relations with the local communities, and/or the society and the environment or the surroundings in general (Crouch, 2011, p.8). Per se, there has always been a room for discuss whether it has been serious or just like an element of the different corporate public relations. In modern times it has been increasingly being regarded as the potential form of different economic governance; however, not just the corporate governance, although it has provided implications for that too, but also the governance of the concerned economy as well as of the society at large (Crouch, 2011, p.9). For considering CSR in this context makes it overtly political (Maclean and Crouch, 2011, p.1). CSR as a ‘Corporate Externality Recognition’: There exists discontent even among the CSR specialists with regard to the strong normative implications of the phrase called ‘corporate social responsibilityâ⠂¬â„¢ (CSR). Also there exist recurrent searches for different alternatives. The core idea in this context may be best resolved to the social science theory with the help of defining it as the behaviour by firms which voluntarily incorporates the externalities that is produced by the market behaviour of these firms. Also the externalities are, in this regard, defined as the outcomes of various market transactions which are not themselves personified in such market transaction

All population and surveillance the keys to Chinese governmentality as Essay

All population and surveillance the keys to Chinese governmentality as in Europe - Essay Example Borrowing a leaf from one another in development of the state of affairs for human life has been a major practice between societies in the recent human history. Political ideologies have reduced the pace of achievement of a liberal society (Sherman, 2008). Communism in China and capitalism in Europe for instance present a different opportunity for the achievement of such a society. Modern age politics seem to be favoured by a more liberalized approach which integrates government and citizen input towards realization of governmentality. Democracy has been a capitalist ideology well established among the majority of European countries while communist ideology for instance well established in China has taken long to embrace it. Even though China has witnessed many changes especially in economic performance to realize a world podium for economic growth, some pressing issues still persist to acquire complete transformations. Changes in economic systems to accommodate a more liberal state and opening of its doors to international trade are good pointers to better things in the future. Population polices should go deeper than just reducing the numbers but follow ups to ensure that the necessary modern world features balanced with assurance of democratic rights are guaranteed. Stringent measures to reduce hazardous population rise could be handled in other means other than dictatorial force (Eberstadt, 1994). Tracing the population based policy in the context of government ideology from the early Chinese politics, it is apparent that the effect of Liu, Song and Liang Zhongtang is a key factor in the development of the Chinese population policies. While Liu and Song were more educated and held population issues more passionately just like Liang did, even though they held opposing views on population policies. On one hand, Liu and group were of the view that one

Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the gulf coast Essay

Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the gulf coast - Essay Example Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the gulf coast To understand what happened to New Orleans and the Gulf Coast during Katrina, however, one must first understand a bit about hurricanes, tropical storms, and their classifications. Storm occur when there are four specific weather conditions present – low air pressure, warm temperatures, moist ocean air and tropical winds blowing near the equator. Hurricanes begin as a tropical depression, with wind speeds of 23-39 mph, and falling air pressure. Once the wind reaches speeds of 39-73 mph, it upgrades to a hurricane. Category 1 hurricanes have winds from 75-94 mph, which does not cause real damage to structures, only to mobile homes, trees and shrubs, and flooding is kept to a minimum (Brinkley , 2006, p. 17). Category 2 hurricanes have winds from 96-100 mph (Fradin & Fradin, 2010, p. 14). Category 3 is much stronger, with winds from 111-130 mph, which causes some structural damage to small residence, destroys mobile homes, and more flooding (Brinkley, 2006, p. 15). Category 4 hurricanes have winds from 131-155 mph (Fradin & Fradin, 2010, p. 14). Category 5 has winds in excess of 155 mph, which causes â€Å"complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 feet above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within five to ten miles of the shoreline may be required†.... Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 feet above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within five to ten miles of the shoreline may be required† (Brinkley, 2006, p. 17). Beginning as a tropical depression over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, then gaining strength while hitting landfall in Florida (Hoffman, 2005, p. 4), Hurricane Katrina began hitting the Gulf Coast as a Category 3 Hurricane, with winds up to 141 mph (DesRoaches, 2006, p. 1). The original reports were that Katrina might only hit the Gulf Coast as a Category 1, which is the lowest grade of Hurricane, but, even while reports were that she was a Category 1, there was apprehensiveness that she would pick up fury and steam before hitting the Gulf region (Reid & Theiss, 2005, p. 4). As Hurricane Katrina hit the mainland of America, in Florida, she was only a Category 1, with wind gusts of 80 MPH, but picked up strength as she passed the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, which put the Gulf states of Mississippi and Louisiana into a state of emergency (Rodger, 2006, p. 11). While the devastation in New Orleans is what attracted the most attention, and is what will give Hurricane Katrina its most notoriety, Hurricane Katrina was a devastating storm all around, as it damaged 45 bridges, destroyed railroad tracks and caused debris to fall into the road which cost $200 million in cleanup costs (Rodger, 2006, p. 1). Of course, Katrina was not the only hurricane during the 2005 hurricane season, although she was easily the most famous of that bunch. 15 hurricanes

Extension on lead acid accumulators or lithium rechargeable batteries Coursework

Extension on lead acid accumulators or lithium rechargeable batteries - Coursework Example Introduction Rechargeable batteries such as lead acid accumulators and lithium accumulators are applied in number of operations. For example, lead acid accumulators are mainly used to start engines such those of cars and motorcycles among others. They are also used to store solar energy in situations where solar panels are used as sources of energy. Regardless of the fact that they are widely used in the above mentioned operations, none of these lead acid accumulators has been incorporated with instruments (pre-installed meters) such as ammeters and voltmeters that show amount of power (amount of available current or voltage respectively) that is available (Benson 2006). This has forced users of these devices use external voltmeters or ammeters to measure amount of voltage or current that is available respectively. Also, during charging operations these accumulators are not able to show whether they are fully charged or not; this may lead to overcharging and consequently reduction in life of the accumulators (Benson 2006). It is, therefore, important that these accumulators be fitted with pre-installed meters (ammeters and voltmeters). ... This will be possible since the proposed product will be fitted with a screen or analogue indicator that is capable of showing amount of charge available in an accumulator and the level of charge while the accumulators are undergoing charging operations. This paper, therefore, has proposed extension on Rechargeable batteries such as lead acid accumulators and lithium accumulators. The extension is such that the newly produced lead acid accumulators and/or lithium accumulators are fitted with instruments capable of measuring levels of both available current and voltage. These instruments maybe ammeters or voltmeters (they may also be either digital or analogue provided the required information is displayed effectively). The proposed extension is expected to enable users know whether their accumulators are charging or not or whether they are full while being charged on or not. Analysis of the market Whenever any new product is to be released into the market for the customers, an extens ive and detailed market research should be carried out. It is normally carried out in order to make informed decisions regarding what the customers want, and how they would view the proposed modification (Cole& Kelly 2011). If a product is released into the market without necessarily carrying out proper market research, problems that would have been avoided may affect the market as well as sale of the product; thereby impacting negatively on the producers of the product (Anderson 2007). Therefore, carrying out market research is imperative when a new product or a modified product is to be released into the market. The data that may be collected during market analysis include: how the customers would perceive the modified product, the current market size of the current

The movie was made in 1997 Essay Example for Free

The movie was made in 1997 Essay During this essay I will look and analyse the opening scene from the movie Romeo and Juliet, the movie was made directed by Baz Lurhmann. The movie was made in 1997. I will discuss the camera usage, music, lights, events, settings and costume. The movie is cultural representation of the time with extensive special effects and expensive budgeting being used. Baz Lurhmann produced Romeo and Juliet in a never seen way of representing Shakespeare, he uses a very clear, modern day Hollywood film and he conquers modern day issues such as age and gender (newsreader being black female with coloured people being discriminated against in Shakespeares time) to show a representation of the time, he develops Shakespeare in a way that could never be imagined. The events of the opening scene show the cultural objective, first the movie starts with a television coming closer towards the viewers, the newsreader is a black female, when the TV switches on the newsreader reads the prologue. Once the prologue has been read there are quick flash shots of Verona including the Montague and Capulet buildings, then the prologue is herd again. After this the prologue is in newspaper form in the form of headlines, following this we meet the main characters of the movie this is done to remind us that the characters play roles and are not real. After we meet the characters the prologue flashes for the final time and finally at the end of the prologue the title of Romeo and Juliet comes on screen. After the opening prologue has been said the camera takes us to the first scene it starts with the Montague boys in a car joking and laughing about the Capulets, we see the car with the number plate of the Montague family. They go into a petrol station and a short time later the Capulets enter the petrol station, then the two families notice each other and a after some teasing a fight breaks out with guns. The scene is largely over exaggerated using special effects and camera trickery. At the end of the fight the petrol ignites and the whole petrol station is on fire. After the fight and unrest the Chief police officer describes the fight as a civil brawl and ends with a threat that next time the peace is broken the cost will be their lives. The opening scene end with Romeo reminiscing about his life and realising from a news broadcast there was another brawl between the Montagues and Capulets. The music used in the opening scenes is largely diverse and this helps to create a deeper effect of the scene and another effective dimension to the pictures. The music used in the opening prologue is fast operatic, dramatic, loud and orchestral as it combines many instruments. The effect of this is to enhance effect of the prologue and attract the attention of the viewer, also the fast music is used to combine with the quick flashes of Verona that are used in the opening prologue. The first noticeable point in the movie is that the families are swoped round with the viewers being introduced to the Montagues first, this is done because the families are better suited in this way which enhances effect. When we meet the Montagues the music changes and being played is rock music giving an image of hard boys this is shown by the main line of the music being the boys, which signifies the character of the boys as we are introduced to them. The rock music used is modern popular music and gives an image that the Montague boys are childish and nai ve. When we meet the Capulets the music played is a cowboy and western style and this implies they are bad, powerful, sophisticated and quick. These two diverse music styles highlight the difference in styles and deepen the meaning to the viewer. When the fighting starts the music changes again and becomes fast again which indicates the quickness of the shooting and gunshots, also to enhance the power of each gunshot. After the fighting scene is over when the Prince is talking to the two fathers of each family there is no music to highlight the serious mood and consequences of the brawl. When we meet the Romeos parents the music is by Radiohead and is softer and thought provoking. Another very diverse factor between the two families is the costume, when we are introduced to the Montagues they are wearing colourful and vibrant clothes. They are wearing beach style modern clothes, which are popular and common. The Capulets are wearing much darker and smart clothes with cowboy style shoes the clothes are of a Mediterranean, shark look and the Montagues is a casual American style. Also another noticeable change is the Prince changing costume to a police officer this sis because a police officer has more control and authority in modern times and also shows another modern adaptation that the prince becomes a police officer. The lighting used in the opening scenes is bright as it is during the day and is sunny. This makes the light natural and more effective and realistic, this shows another change as Shakespeare implies theatrics but Baz Lurhmann wanted to use a Hollywood style movie instead of a play in theatre. The use of natural light makes the audience forget that the film is a Shakespeare play. The camera usage and angles in the film are used to great effect and are used to enhance effect and meaning of the opening scenes. There are many quick edits in the opening scenes these are used when there are quick flashes of Verona. Also the camera uses zoom to go closer to the characters and further out and this enhances effect and the image and power of the character. Also the character speeds up and slows down this coordinated with speed of the scene, during gunshot battle the camera speeds up as the firing is quick. Close ups of the camera are used to enhance the image of the character. The close-ups are used on a Capulets boots, to characters faces, to buildings and to the petrol station. Also there are many close-ups of a sign in the petrol station, which said add more fuel to fire which highlights the meaning of the brawl as more hatred was added between the two families. Other camera devices used are freezes for characters, which is used to remind us they are characters. Another way the camera is used is the camera panning; this is used to pan over characters, the city of Verona and the petrol station. This is used to focus different things on the same scene. Another camera usage device used is low angles and this is done to show the viewers where the power is this is highlighted when the camera first shows the Capulets boot first and this shows the Capulets are powerful. Also another very revolutionary camera trick as the viewer is put in the eyes of different characters. The quick edits in the play coincides with the quick music and the camera panning coincides with softer music. The effect of different camera shots is it draws in the viewer and seeks their attention.

Why Was The NHS Created?

Why Was The NHS Created? This essay will outline and discuss the creation of the National Health Service in England. It will focus on the events that contributed to the creation and development of the National Health Service. It will also investigate the extent that it was also opposed. The National Health Service was not as spontaneous and revolutionary as many historians had originally believed, as its origins and beginnings stretched back as far as to the eighteenth century. ..voluntary hospitals[] the sanitation revolution of the mid- nineteenth century [] and the first public housing, accompanied by the provision of isolated hospitals for smallpox and other infectious dieases.  [1]  These voluntary hospitals were the first types of medical institutes for the general public whereby groups of ill people would go to escape their everyday lives to try and recover from their illnesses. However the voluntary hospitals were not always easy to be admitted in to, which would have been very unnerving for the sick. voluntary hospitals could usually only be obtained by presentation of an order from a subscriber or governor.  [2]  This also meant that many people that needed medical treatment did not have access to it and thus had to turn to other types of treatmen t. The nursing profession was not highly respected at this time because of the jobs that it involved. There was also bad sanitation in these hospitals meaning that even if people were admitted there was a chance that they would die as a result of bad sanitation and not their illness alone. It was also at this time that there was an increase in the population of England, the voluntary hospitals did no cope with this increase well as they were under great strains because of this. The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in 1948. It initially advocated free medical care for all citizens of Britain regardless of wealth or class from the cradle to the grave. Its original structure consisted of a hospital service, primary care service as well as community services. However before the NHS was set up the majority of the population were required to pay for any medical treatment or care that they needed, this was problematic as the lower class citizens of Britain in particular found the price of these medical treatments increasingly difficult to pay for. This meant that they had little choice as to what they could do, they could either pay for the treatment which would mean that their household would be even worse off financially or to find other ways of treating their illness themselves. Even if they decided to pay for treatment, for serious illnesses it would have been unlikely that they would have survived, thus meaning that it was not always a wise choice to pay for their treatment. When the NHS was still only a theoretic idea, many people knew that something had to be done with the state of medical care and provisions within England. It was not until 1930 when the Poor Law Act was introduced that many of the poor were merely just sent to dispensaries to buy their medicine, which meant that the patients had no relationship with their doctor and were also not allowed a choice of doctor. This would have effected a lot of people as a relationship with their doctor would have been extremely important to them, more so if they were required to have on going treatment. Also for the medical profession, it would have been important for them to see the same patients to help with the effectiveness and reliability of medical care that the patients needed. The Poor Law Act was an important legislation that was passed as the health of the lower classes was incredibly bad until this time, and they received no health care benefits. Some attempts were made to alleviate sick paupers by outdoor relief and the attendance of parish doctors, but most Boards of Guardians found it cheaper and more convenient to admit them to a workhouse.  [3]  However this became difficult to conduct as too many people were being admitted to these workhouses. Even though the paupers were probably still able to work being in such a place would have been more detrimental to their health because they were not actually getting the medical attention they needed. In 1834 about 10,000 workhouse inmates needed medical care and the number had risen to over 50,000 in 1861.  [4]   The Boar War (1899-1902), World War One (1914-1918), as well as World War Two (1939-1945) could be said to have acted as a catalyst in the creation of the NHS. As the Boar war commenced, it was only too evident to the government how ill and unfit the British men were. Recruitment agents had to turn away the majority of men that came forward for the army as they were too unwell for the demands that the army would have put on them. rejecting about 60 per cent of military volunteers on grounds of stunted growth, rickets, poor eyesight, deformities and weight.  [5]  The conditions outlined were the result of malnurishment and was preventable. Fresh air, exercise and diet were seen as the best ways to elimate such conditions. The Government realised that they had to take measures to ensure that the health of Britain improved, as the country would not be able to perform well in war especially as Britain was a leading power in the world. As another way to help conquer these problems the Labour government implanted free school meals and milk for school children during the second world war. The National Health Insurance Act was introduced by Lloyd George in 1919. He wanted to make sure that lower paid workers were for the first time able to receive medical care. From this moment forward a large range of legislations were passed in relation to and in preparation for a health system for all. It was not until 1929 as part of the Local Government Act, that poor law hospitals were replaced with municipal hospitals that could only be used for taxpayers and paupers were no longer welcome. These hospitals were far from being sophisticated and luxurious, in fact they were no better than poor law hospitals. Many of the larger councils such as London were doing well as they had a constant flow of patients mainly due to larger numbers of people located in the city than in the rural areas, however this was not the case for all councils around England. A large number of the smaller councils were struggling with finance issues, as they were located in rural areas whereby there were not enough patients to use the service and make it efficient. The Kings Fund and the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, as protectors of hospitals realised that there was a problem that they these hospitals would not survive until they became more efficient. It could be argued that the on-set of world war two contributed to the formation of the NHS. It was important for military casualties to be treated effectively whilst Britain was at war. As a result of this the Emergency Medical Scheme (EMS) was set up in 1939 in anticipation of the major casualties that would be present during war time. The EMS was originally responsible for the casualties of servicemen at war. Hospitals were set up to cater for different kinds of injuries such as fractures, and those requiring plastic surgery and burns. However as the number of civilian casualties rose, the scheme extended its service to cater for victims of war such as those injured in domestic blitz attacks, as there were not as many military casualties as was expected. It was at this time that voluntary hospitals were thriving, however in the war years this posed a problem, as the hospitals began to find it increasingly difficult to get funding. They were also located randomly around the country , thus meaning that many ill patients were not able to be treated. The experience that was gained by the formation of the EMS was used as an example of what could be achieved. It could therefore be said that this was one of the first ideas and positive movements towards a national medical service. It was Walter Elliott, the present minister, who first suggested that government should look at a state run hospital service, rather than the Emergency Hospital Scheme which they already had. The Beveridge report was released on 1st December 1942, this focused on social insurance and allied services. Beveridge wanted to ensure that the people of Britian were well cared for and no longer confined to awful conditions. The main ideas in this report outlined the beginnings of a welfare state, he also believed that the Government should eradicate the Five Giant Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.  [6]  It was to be fully financed by insurance contributions, however private treatment would still be available. It was in this report that Beveridge proclaimed the need for a health service, however he was not precise and no detailed plans were explained. It has been argued that idea of this report becoming implemented resulted in a landslide voting for the Labour party in the 1945 elections. People believed that it would be a success and were eager for it to be introduced. However this changed notions of laissez faire. Clement Atlee was elected Prime Minister after the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchills Conservative Party in 1945. It was at this time that Atlee implemented the idea of the Welfare State, which included a National Health Service and Social Security. The Minister of Health Anuerin Bevan was appointed the role of conducting the service. A National insurance scheme was also set up by Lloyd George in 1911. People in work still had to make contributions each week, as well as employers, but the benefits provided were now much greater. When the NHS was finally started on 5th July 1948 as part of the National Insurance Scheme, The English society had just come out of a major war and were therefore used to having little and thus were content with the simplicity of the health service and saw it as an improvement. The NHS advocated many sanctions including, free general practioners and patient care for all, nationalisation of hospitals, as well as the capitation of general practictioners. It was funded entirely by public taxations. This was a great relief for the poor. The poor gained access to doctors and a range of treatments previously beyond their means, and no longer needed to worry economically about illness or injury.  [7]  However this soon changed in 1951 when charges were imposed for prescriptions, teeth and spectacles. There were many successes as well as failures with the NHS as a whole. It promoted medical technology and advancement of drugs such as penicillin which on the other hand was over used during this period. Infant mortality was reduced as a result of women being able to give birth in clean sanitised areas. There were no longer restrictions for who could be treated. However, the NHS had many problems with finance as overspending was a regular occurance. The NHS budget ed for one million pounds for opticians, but within a year 5.25 million spectacle prescriptions  [8]   There was much opposition to the National Health Service even before it was officially set up. Doctors in particular were deeply displeased, they were worried that as a result of standardisation they would ultimately lose money for their profession. Many of the medical professionals relied on visiting private patients and were not treating people in the hospital. Margret Grieve a midwife worked in Dumfries she explained why the other doctors were concerned with a move towards a universal service. there was apprehension about being employed by the government. I remember the consultants talking about it. Most of them earned only a pittance from their hospital work, so they depended on private patients for their living, and they were afraid of losing that. The private patients did not want it either. But the ones coming back from the war were happy with the NHS, because they did not have the private patients.  [9]  The BMA (British Medical Association) believed that the move towards a salarised service would pose a threat to clinical freedom. The BMA were serious about what they believed and made a stand. They told their members not to conform to the Act, and asked them to sign a petition in agreement that they would refuse to serve until the government accepted almost conditions put forward by their council.  [10]  The BMA were probably the most powerful organisation to oppose the NHS as without doctors, the NHS would not have been able to run and ultimately survive. The Minister of Health said that, until the autumn of 1947,there had been some prospect that the medical profession as a whole would willingly accept the scheme for a National Health Service, and many leading members of the profession were still favourably disposed to it.  [11]  There was conflict between the medical professions and government up until the NHS act was passed in 1948, in April of the same year it looked unpromising that the doctors would even join. Doctors representatives and most Tory policitians sought secure funding for hospitals, but were unwilling to see the prestigious charity hospitals subordinated in an extension of local authority services.  [12]   Only the most senior doctors in hospitals (consultants) were allowed to continue private treatment.  [13]  Churches and Charities also feared that they would be forced to become nationalised and would become inclusive of the NHS plans. However in due time the BMA had no choice but to release its members from their agreements as the professionals had began joining the NHS, had resigned from the BMA and therefore were not taking any notice of the BMA advice. Resignations from the BMA increased every month during the second half of 1912.  [14]  Bevan had to compromise a lot for the BMA, he allowed GPs and consultants to continue to run their private practises as well as an increased salary for consultants and nurses. The professionals also began to realise that by not going the NHS they would become less financially stable. Bevan did all he could do and gave them offers that they could not refuse. I stuffed their mouths with gold.  [15]  In effect Bevan compromised with the BMA, by making the NHS sound appealing to them. However the Conservation party also were not fully accepting of the service and the labour party were also divided over the direction of a health service, Herbert Morrison believed that the service should not be run by the government but by the local councils. However this went against what Bevan was advocating, as it defeated the object that the service was to be universal. There was no necessarily a lot of opposition to the National Health Service, but the main opposition being the BMA was the largest and the most significant, as without professionals it would not have been able to function. Bevan saw this as a challenge.

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay Generally, war is the result of a national entity wishing to improve the standard of living for its people. A major second cause is when a nation perceives a possible reduction in a current standard of living and fights to protect what it at ready has. War is a behavior pattern exhibited by many primate species including human most basically and other species in the other hand like ant species. The primary feature of this behavior is a certain state of organized violent conflict that is engaged in between two or more separate social entities such conflict is always an attempt at altering either the psychological hierarchy or the material hierarchy of domination or equality between two or more groups. In all causes; at least one participant (group) in the conflict perceives the need to dominate the other participant. The perceived need for domination often arises from a belief that an essential ideology or resource is somehow either so incompatible or so scarce as to threaten the fundamental experience of the one group experiencing the need to dominate the other group. Leaders will sometimes enter into a war under the protest that their actions are primarily defensive, however when objectively their actions may more closely resemble a form of unprovoked, unwarranted or disproportionate aggression. World War I was the result of leaders aggression towards other countries which was supported by the rising nationalism of the European Nations. Economic and imperial competism and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race which will further escalate the tension contributing to the outbreak of war What really causes war are:- Nationalism Imperialism Bismarck and Alliance Collapse of Bismarck an Alliance Arms Race Crisis in Africa Nationalism At the settlement of the Vienna congress in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in failure of keeping the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany too in 1871. Another result of the Franco Prussian war of 1870-71 was that France was left of tumid the nation seethed with suppressed revolutionary activity over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and Revanche was a major goal for the French Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans area in Germany comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent pauslavism of Serbia and Russia willingness to support and contribute to its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungarys pan-Germanism. Imperialism The factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was imperialism, because of the competition between these countries; Great Britain, Germany and France because they needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the industrial revolution. These countries were competing for economic expansion in Africa, although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises fore-shadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia. BISMARCK AND ALLIANCES World War I was caused in part by the two opposing alliances developed by Bismarckian diplomacy that was after the Franco-Prussian war, and in order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the three Emperors league in 1871 an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia. When the French occupied Tunisia, Bismarck took advantage of the Italian indignation and resentment toward France and created the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary in 1882. In exchange for Italys agreement to stay neutral, no distinctive quality or characteristic or type if war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Russian. Austria-Hungary and Germany would protect Italy from France. Russia and Austria-Hungary grew suspicious of themselves over conflict in the Balkans in 1887, but Bismarck repaired the damage to these suspicious to his alliances with a reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing both the two powers to stay neutral if the other was at War. COLLAPSE OF BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCES Bismarck was fired by Kaiser William II in 1890, the tradition dislike and dont like the idea of slaves kept Bismarcks successors from renewing the agreement with Russia. France took opportunity to get an ally-to place in a friendly association, as by treaty or to unite or connect and the Franco-Russian entente was formed in 1891. The Kruger Telegram William II sent to congratulate the leader of the Boers for defeating the British in 1890 and he gave the German soldiers instructions to behave like Huns in China during the Boxer Rebellion and particularly the large-scale navy he was Building all contributed to British distrust of Germany. As a result of that, Britain and France overlooked all major impenalistic conflict between them and formed an Entente coordinate in 1904. Russia formed an Entente with Britain in 1907 after they reached an agreement with Britains ally Japan and William II had further alienated Russia by supporting Austrian ambitions in the Balkans. The Triple Entente, an informal coalition between Great Britain, France and Russia now countered the Triple Alliance. International tension was greatly increased by the division of Europe into two armed camps. ARMS RACE The menace (something that threatens to cause evil, harm, injury or a threat) of the hostile division led to an arms race, another cause of World War I. Acknowledging that Germany was the leader in military organization and efficiency the great powers of Europe copied the universal conscription, large reserve and detailed planning of the Prussian system. Organizational and Technological developments led to the formation of general staffs with precise plans for mobilization and attack that often could not be reversed once they were begun. The German Von Schlieffen plan to attack France before Russia in the event of the war with Russia was once such complicated plan that attracted and drew more countries into war than necessary. Armies and Navies were greatly expanded. The standing armies of France and Germany doubled the size between 1870 and 1914. Naval expansion was also extremely competitive, particularly between Germany and Great Britain. By 1889, the British had established the p rinciple that in order to maintain naval superiority in the event of war, they would have to have a navy two and a half times as large as the second-largest navy. This motivated the British to launch the Dreadnought, invented by Admiral Sir John Fisher in 1906. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 had demonstrated how effective these battleships were. As Britain increased their output of battleships, Germany correspondingly stepped up their naval production including the Dreadnought. Although efforts for worldwide disarmament (the act of laying down arms especially the reduction or abolition of a nations military forces and armaments) were made at the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907 international rivalry caused the arms race to continue to feed on itself. CRISIS IN AFRICA The friction (the rubbing of one object or surface against another conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interest) of an armed and divided Europe escalated into several crises in Morocco and the Balkans which nearly ended in war. In 1905, Germany announced its support of independence for Morocco, the African colony which Britain had given France in 1904. The British defended the French and war was avoided by the international conference in Algeciras in 1906 which allowed France to make Morocco a French protectorate. BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1908 There was conflict incited by the Austria-Hugarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia in 1908. The Greater Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. The beginning of World War I was postponed when Russia backed down but relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia were greatly strained.

Bruises :: essays research papers

A bruise is one of the most common types of injury. It occurs when there is a blow or fall that causes small blood vessels to break under the skin. The discoloration and swelling in the skin are caused by the blood seeping into the tissue. The symptoms are pain, a redness that later turns blue, then green, then brown and yellow before fading away. Cold compresses or ice are useful immediately after the injury. This reduces local bleeding and swelling. If the bruise is on the extremities elevate the limbs above the level of the heart to decrease blood flow. After 24 hours apply moist heat. Heat dilates the vessels and increases circulation to the affected area. The proper homeopathic remedy greatly speeds the time of healing bruises and relieves the bad quickly. Materia Medica ACETIC ACID (2). Shock causes great relaxation, with vertigo and fainting. Dry heat after much bruising or sprains. Eyes sunken and surrounded by dark rings. Emissions the next night. ARNICA (3*). The first remedy to give in bruising as it will prevent pain and soreness and help the absorption of blood. The entire body feels bruised and aches. Arnica tincture should be use externally if the skin is unbroken. BELLIS (2*). Useful when it seems that an internal organ or bowel has been bruised. It is sometimes called the internal Arnica. It is also useful for bruises of bangs to the female breast. (a). If Bellis is not sufficient it may be followed by Conium in bruises to the breast. CONIUM (2). Indurations following bruises. Bruises to the glands with stony hardness. Injuries to the breast. (a). Sulph-ac. follows well here. HAMAMELIS (3). The entire body feelings bruised and sore after traumatic injuries. Follow Arnica if it does not remove these feelings. Can be use as a tincture on severe bruising esp. if the skin is broken. HYPERICUM (2). Bruises that affect the nerves. Neuritis after bruising. LEDUM (3*). Bruises with dark purple ecchymosis. Discoloration long after injury. The injured part feels cold but is Better > by cold worse < by heat. Blackeyes. PHOSPHORUS (3). Bruise appear for almost no reason. Easy bleeding under the skin. The sufferer does not even know when they got the bruise. RUTA (3). This remedy is use for bruises to the bone and periosteum. It may also be used externally in tincture over the area. SYMPHYTUM (2). Pain in the eye after a blow with an obtuse body.

john adams revolution Essay -- essays papers

john adams revolution John Adams explains how the revolution began when he says, "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced (37-38). The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people, "proving there was a feeling of revolution as soon as people left England to come to the New World" (25). The duel for America created a restlessness among the independent minded Americans. However, mother England saw the necessity of holding her colonies. Eventually, tension is felt between the two sides, resulting in colonial unity and the sovereignty of a new republic. There were many causes and effects of the American Revolution. There were many causes that sparked America's new sense of individuality (p.26). One of the first causes was the increased confidence in military strength, which caused a rise in colonial self-esteem. This increase in self-esteem was a result of the valuable gained from the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War, also shattered the myth of British invincibility, showing the colonials that anything was possible. Another cause of the colonials sense of individuality was that friction between Britain and the colonies rose. American settlers felt that they deserved credit rather than contempt for risking their lives to secure a new world empire, where as the British refused to even recognize any American militia commission about the rank of a captain. Also, British official were further distressed by the reluctance of the colonials to support the common cause wholeheartedly. Also, individuality was a sense in the minds of the colonists the day they set foot on the new continent. Individuality began with the fact that to emigrate was to revel, and those who went to the New World, were in fact rebels because of the distance they put between themselves and Britain. Also, the distance between the New World and Britain, instigated individuality because of the long distance to travel between both places; it left the colonies both physically and spiritually separated from the New World. The colonies knew that distance weakens authority, but great distances weaken authority even more. The American environment also nurtured the feelings of independence because of the unchanging surroundings of England, coming to the New World offered a change of pace for the colonies because they now had their own world to ma... ...nies came together for one common cause and they weren't going to back down" (97). Finally, the revolution and the war tremendously effected America. One of the most significant results of the revolution and war on America was the signing of the Declaration of Independence in which the signers pledged all that they had or believed in to protect their independence. The Declaration of Independence stated what to ideal government was and what to colonies intended on doing to ensure the best possible environment and opportunities for years to come. Another effect of the revolution and war is that the United States borders were extended to Florida and the Mississippi River. As Thomas Jefferson started, by assembling such prestige groups of men, we have learned more and will continue to learn from these men's examples, rather than the examples of armies. In conclusion, the American Revolution did not radically change the entire political or social framework. People went on with their everyday lives, undisturbed by what was gong on. However, the revolution did help America to evolve into an independent nation, which could now live fearlessly knowing that anything was possible.

The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay -- Gender, argum

According to Johnny Weir, â€Å"Masculinity is what you believe it to be... [it is] all by perception, [I believe] masculinity and femininity is something that is very old-fashioned... [there is a] whole new generation of people who aren’t defined by their race or their sex or who they like to sleep with.† This statement exemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure on each member of society to conform and abide by the folkways of their own culture. The creation of gender expectations by society creates a restricting definition of gender roles and sexuality that vary from culture to culture. Society created the role of gender and created an emphasis on the differences between the two genders. Alma Gottlieb states: â€Å"biological inevitability of the sex organs comes to stand for a perceived inevitability of social roles, expectations, and meanings† (Gottlieb, 167). Sex is the scientific acknowledgment that men and women are biologically different; gender stems from society’s formation of roles assigned to each sex and the emphasis of the differences between the two sexes. The creation of meanings centers on the expectations of the roles each sex should fill; society creates cultural norms that perpetuate these creations. Gender blurs the lines between the differences created by nature and those created by society (Gottlieb, 168); gender is the cultural expectations of sexes, with meaning assigned to the diff... ...le or female actually identifies with their prescribed role depends on the socialization process and the way they identify with society’s expectations of them. The social construction of gender and sexuality all rely on the measure that people believe there is a difference between the two sexes, once this emphasis is taken away, is when gender roles will no longer play an integral role in the structure of society. Works Cited Gottlieb, Alma. "Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Approaches from Cultural Anthropology." Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Kilbourne, Jean. Killing Us Softly. Media Education Foundation, 2010. Lancaster, Roger N. Life is Hard, Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992. The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay -- Gender, argum According to Johnny Weir, â€Å"Masculinity is what you believe it to be... [it is] all by perception, [I believe] masculinity and femininity is something that is very old-fashioned... [there is a] whole new generation of people who aren’t defined by their race or their sex or who they like to sleep with.† This statement exemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure on each member of society to conform and abide by the folkways of their own culture. The creation of gender expectations by society creates a restricting definition of gender roles and sexuality that vary from culture to culture. Society created the role of gender and created an emphasis on the differences between the two genders. Alma Gottlieb states: â€Å"biological inevitability of the sex organs comes to stand for a perceived inevitability of social roles, expectations, and meanings† (Gottlieb, 167). Sex is the scientific acknowledgment that men and women are biologically different; gender stems from society’s formation of roles assigned to each sex and the emphasis of the differences between the two sexes. The creation of meanings centers on the expectations of the roles each sex should fill; society creates cultural norms that perpetuate these creations. Gender blurs the lines between the differences created by nature and those created by society (Gottlieb, 168); gender is the cultural expectations of sexes, with meaning assigned to the diff... ...le or female actually identifies with their prescribed role depends on the socialization process and the way they identify with society’s expectations of them. The social construction of gender and sexuality all rely on the measure that people believe there is a difference between the two sexes, once this emphasis is taken away, is when gender roles will no longer play an integral role in the structure of society. Works Cited Gottlieb, Alma. "Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Approaches from Cultural Anthropology." Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Kilbourne, Jean. Killing Us Softly. Media Education Foundation, 2010. Lancaster, Roger N. Life is Hard, Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.

Society Have Become Dependent On Technology

Today’s society is too dependent on technology. With all the advancements to our standard technology such as the internet, cell phones, computers, iPad and all other wireless and electronic devices. Today’s technology has change society with many thinking that can’t exist without these devices. Technology has brought the world to our fingertips. It has change the workplace, and the way we learn. Society’s dependence on technology paired with the rise of technology is a disadvantage to humanity as whole.What was considered a luxury is now considered a necessity. Advancements in communications technologies is a benefit to our society. Dependence can best be seen when there is a power outage over an hour, people go into instant panic mode. Dependence on technology will inevitably lead to advances in technology, creating new social standards, thereby furthering the same dependence on technology. Technology also creates a world that demands things in a rapid ma nner. It provides a faster means of communication, makes a person more efficient and organized.Deepak Chopra, MD author and founder of The Chopra Foundation states that technology doubles every year and in 10 years will be a million times more. Let’s look back at history in the early to mid-1900 when children and adults didn’t rely on television and computers but spent time with family and friends in person having face to face communication. Technology has affective how children play. Fewer kids play outside due to video games and other electronic devices. Today I can be in my home playing a video game with a friend in his home in other state through the internet online.Every day millions of people turn on their cell phones, log on to their social networking sites and spend hours each day texting, messaging, and blogging. Pew Internet reports for cell phones activities this year (2013) shows 91% of American adults own a cell phone. Younger adults are more affluent in t he use of cell phones. Texting continues to be the most common cell phone activities, with 81% of cell owner’s text. Texting is popular among younger adult and college educated.Many persons access the internet through their cell phone, with more that 34% admitting mostly accessing the internet from their phones. Pew’s report also identify half of cell owners send and receive email from their phone. It was also noted that 49% of cell owners used their phones to look up directions, recommendation and other information related to their location and 48% of owners listening to music on their phones. The Apple iPad a newer device falls somewhere between the smart phone and notebook computer.It allows a person to accomplish their routine task for work, school and home. Technology is the major reasons for the changes in society. Technology has taken over our lives and has provided shortcuts and an easy way out. Many people admit that their smart phone or other electronic devic e runs their life. The military uses technology to monitor our Nation against national treat . Technology is a vital element of the advancement of education, healthcare, communication and transportation.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 35

â€Å"Nevertheless† – Damon's eyes took on a steely glint – â€Å"without the amulet my assistant and I will not perform.† â€Å"But – with it you will? I say, are you saying that you lost your amulet here?† â€Å"As a matter of fact, yes. Just around the time the party arrangements were being set up.† Damon flashed a beautiful, haunting smile at the young vampires and then turned it off suddenly. â€Å"I had no idea I would have your help, and I was trying to find a way to get an invitation. So I took a look around to see how the place would be laid out.† â€Å"Don't tell me it was before the grass was rolled,† someone said apprehensively. â€Å"Unfortunately, yes. And I was given a psychic message, which told me that the k – the amulet is buried somewhere here.† There was a chorus of groans from the crowd. Then there were individual voices raised, pointing out the difficulties: the rock-hardness of the rolled grass, the many ballrooms with their many floral arrangements in soil, the kitchen garden and flower gardens (which we haven't even seen yet, Elena thought.) â€Å"I realize the virtual impossibility of finding this,† Damon said, taking the half of the fox key back into his hand and making it disappear neatly by passing it near Elena's hand, which was ready to receive it. She now had a special place for it – Lady Ulma had seen to that. Damon was saying, â€Å"That is why I simply said no at the beginning. But you pressed me, and now I've given you the full answer.† There was some more grumbling, but then people began walking out in ones and twos and threes, talking about the best places to start looking. Damon, they're going to destroy Bloddeuwedd's grounds, Elena protested silently. Good. We'll offer all the jewels you three girls have on you, as well as all the gold I have on me, as a recompense. But what four people can't do, maybe a thousand can. Elena sighed. I still wish we'd had the chance to talk to Bloddeuwedd. Not just to hear her speak, but to ask her some questions. I mean what reason would a beautiful blossom like her have to protect Shinichi and Misao? Damon's telepathic answer was brief. Well, let's try the top rooms, then. That was where she was headed, anyway. They found a case of crystal stairs – quite difficult to locate when all the walls were transparent, and frightening to ascend. Once on the second floor they looked for another one. Eventually Elena found it, by stumbling over the first step. â€Å"Oh,† she said, looking from the step, which now showed itself through a line of red across its front edge, to her shin, which showed the same damage. â€Å"Well, it may be invisible, but we aren't.† â€Å"It's not quite invisible.† Damon was channeling Power to his eyes, she knew. She'd been doing the same – but these days she wondered which of them had more of her blood in them: him or her? â€Å"Don't strain yourself, I can see the steps,† he said. â€Å"Just shut your eyes.† â€Å"My eyes – † Before she could ask why she knew why and before she could scream he had picked her up, his body warm and solid and the only solid thing anywhere around. He headed up the stairs holding her so that her dress was out of the way of the blood droplets that fell freely into space. For someone afraid of heights, it was a wild, terrifying ride: even though she knew Damon was in top condition and would not drop her and even though she was certain he could see where he was going. Still, left to herself and her own volition, she would never have made it farther than the first stair. As it was, she didn't even dare wiggle much in case she threw Damon off balance. She could only whimper and try to endure. When, an eternity later, they reached the top, Elena wondered who would carry her down, or if she would be left here the rest of her life. They were confronted by Bloddeuwedd, the most enchantingly inhuman creature Elena had yet seen. Enchanting†¦but odd. Was there not a slight primrose pattern to her hair in back and on the sides? Wasn't her face actually the shape of an apple-blossom petal as well as having the petal's faint bloom? â€Å"You are in my private library,† she said. And, as if a mirror had cracked, Elena came free of the last of Bloddeuwedd's glamour. The gods had made her out of flowers†¦but flowers don't speak. Bloddeuwedd's voice was toneless and flat. It ruined the image of the flower-made girl completely. â€Å"We're sorry,† Damon said – naturally not at all out of breath. â€Å"But we'd like to ask you some questions.† â€Å"If you think I will help you, I will not,† the flower-petal girl said in the same nasal tone. â€Å"I hate humans.† â€Å"But I am a vampire, as you have surely already discerned,† Damon was beginning, laying the charm on thick, when Bloddeuwedd interrupted him. â€Å"Once a human, always a human.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Damon's loss of control might have been the best thing that could have happened, Elena thought, trying to keep behind him. He was so clearly sincere about his scorn for humans that Bloddeuwedd softened a little. â€Å"What did you come to ask?† â€Å"Only if you had seen one of two kitsune lately: they're brother and sister and call themselves Shinichi and Misao.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Or they might – I'm sorry? Yes?† â€Å"The thieves came to my house at night. I was at a party. I flew back from the party and almost caught them. Kitsune are hard to catch, though.† â€Å"Where†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon swallowed. â€Å"Where were they?† â€Å"Running down the front stairs.† â€Å"And do you remember the date that they were here?† â€Å"It was the night that the grounds were made ready for this party. Stone rollers went over the grass. The canopy was erected.† Weird things to do at night, Elena thought, but then she remembered – again. The light was always the same. But her heart was beating fast. Shinichi and Misao could only have been here for one reason: to drop off half of the fox key. And maybe drop it in the Great Ballroom, Elena thought. She watched dully as the entire outside of the library rotated, almost like a giant planetarium, so that Bloddeuwedd could pick out a globe and place it in some contraption that must make the music play in various rooms. â€Å"Excuse me,† Damon said. â€Å"This is my private library,† Bloddeuwedd said coldly against the swelling of the glorious ending to the Firebird Suite. â€Å"Meaning now we must leave?† â€Å"Meaning now I am going to kill you.†

The british invasion: musical movement of 1960s

The focal point of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the British Invasion or the musical movement of the mid-1960s composed of British rock-and-roll (â€Å"beat†) groups whose popularity spread rapidly throughout England and the United States. For the purpose it is important to understand the socio political equilibrium of the time. This is because the main factors in this movement are predominantly three fold. The first one is changing social pattern after the Great War. The second important factor is the aspect of cultural contacts and third aspect is the changing face of market and economy in UK and US.It could be mentioned in the initial stages that it was degeneration time. Imperialism had taken its tolls on the world, which was grilling on the last fires of the Second World War. The losses were too heavy, and the shocks, almost unbearable. People just lived through a test of the extent organized cruelty and purposeful ruthlessness could reach. As far as the future was concerned, the initial tremors of what would lead to a massive cross across the globe were being felt – the crack that broke it up into three distinctly different worlds, the first, the second and the third.In this context it would be relevant to mention that the generation was not finding their existence worth while or in other words they wanted more out of their life. This extra bit was searched everywhere and at every aspects of life and music was no different. The Beat movement came to this need of the hour with quite a few new faces budding with musical talents and a whole new genus of music called the rock ‘n’ roll. (Prawer, 221-5)It was regeneration time. Ideological conflicts and military interests were shaking civilization right up to its foundations. The doubts, dilemmas and confusions were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and unique cultural revolution. It was happening all across the United Kingdom and the United States. People sud denly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen.United Kingdom and its Beat Movement was no exception to this movement. As a matter of fact, it was one of the cores of it. The presence of a large number of African-Americans in the city was pushing it ahead to initiate the Civil Rights Movement. Something that had laid its roots in the human mind over a few millennia, apartheid that is, was gradually being uprooted by the new wave of what started being called the rock ‘n’ roll movement.   The existing musical trends, blues and country, did not suffice in expressing the protests and grievances of the new generation, which started looking at itself as a victim of political conspiracies. (Powell, 49-53)It could be stated that the focal point of this paper is realizing that what occurred in United Kingdom during the era of 1960s that was instrumental in giving the birth of rock n' roll. This was deeply influenced by the presence of the freshly migrated African American population in United Kingdom and influenced the musical development by a huge margin with musical forms that incorporated jazz meshing with country music.But the basic background of this movement started much earlier and it would be relevant to mention that the black community contributed hugely to this movement. African American history and the context in this case is the great migration during the mid 1900s. While looking into the matter it can primary be mentioned that migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. During the twentieth century, especially in the middle decades, it was found that the population of Southern UK with specification of African American origin has doubled within a span of 10 years after the Second World War.The population escalated to a high note and this time the immigrants were there in the region to put their hands on the industrial boom. This was obviously not at par with any single industry like Manchester but the cumulative sum total of the gross output became quite high and the settlements showed the white population of the area that there was more to music than usual traditional themes.These people use to gather around at the evening and presented their compositions to themselves. It was a leisurely approach but people like McCartney or Lennon soon found out that these rural touch of music can be polished and urbanized to develop into a new form of musical genera that was ultimately to be known as Rock ’n’ roll and as these people were from smaller towns and this part was to harvest most of the credit of this new form of music.   (Tyerman, 233-37)The life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960’s have emerged as fallout of the booming economy that is represented by the generation of ‘baby boomers’. The hardship during the days of the Second World War gave birth to the newest possible philosophies that state it is obvious to follow the trend of open market economy with all its perception of high yielding materialism. This hard cored materialism and pro life oriented attitude was previously known in the western world but now it came into a maximized form which sociologist refer as a pro active action against the mass destruction and insecurity of the last great war. The latest philosophy was to obtain as much as possible that life has to offer. Every social aspect changed with it and along with it changed the world around them.Plays and writer were no different. Colours became more vibrant and approach became more outrageous to k eep up with the society. Joe Orton's plays were a product of this period. UK and US was ready for this change and it only needed a spark to ignite its whole new musical genus. This was provided by the endowments of talented musicians like Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, John Lennon and Elvis Presley. These people were to become the pride of the youth and the era soon came to be known as the cradle of Rock ‘n’ roll. (Manning, 279)The funny side of this approach was however different from the basic perception of the life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960 were a confluence of conflicting philosophies. As it was mentioned earlier that the idea of materialism was at its had hitting best but alternatively the simplicities of eastern philosophies, specifically Indian philosophies, were highly acclaimed though it was concentrated within a certain group of people. As a result, the poets and the writers, as least a section of them, who took their inspirations from life and society it self, inclined themselves towards the approach of simplistic formations of art forms.It is a well known fact and it has been shown time and again by many literary historians and researchers that the main targeted audience were the baby boomers who had all the opportunities to take all the advantages of almost any and every marketing gimmicks. UK and its music were not far behind in this era. The musicians of this time needed something more vibrant and colorful and Rock ’n’ Roll came out as the product of the time.   (Dollard, 116-7)It should be remembered that this was the era of the beginning of the ‘cold wars’ too and fascination of the authorities towards the space age race and nuclear future was overwhelming. So, it is obvious that the common demography of the country started mimicking the perception of the authorities taking the concept of space age right to their likings. As a result the musical designers coul d not be left far behind. They associated their music with the latest gizmos and presented the feature of Rock ’n’ Roll as new age revolution.The problem was that the new generation was unable to recognize themselves with the usual blues and other traditional forms. They wanted something exclusively that is easily identifiable to them. Rock ‘n’ Roll Music provided that element which included the latest approach to music with more flair and flamboyance. This music possessed more swings and action and this was what the generation of 1960’s wanted. The Beat movement provided this exact genus of music. (Knott, 188-9)The innovative and diversified methodology utilized between these two decades reflects a change in society’s considerations. The choice to change furniture styles reflects a great deal on the emotional status of the era and the need to recover from a series of devastating events. Those devastating events included World War II and a ve ry emotional roller coaster in the depression era which wrought havoc in many ways on the methods of production and the economic infrastructure of the United States and UK. The devastation involved during World War II provided impetus for the designers from various European countries to flee to the United States and UK for sanctuary and freedom of expression. This is where the innovation for the new modern style of music was managed.The 1950’s period was indeed a lively decade for arts and technology where many forces emerged influencing changes in musical design. The push of space travel, the defense industry and consumer booms provided impetus toward increased influences of fashion in lifestyle design. Cheap yet fashionable articles made to be thrown away afterwards became fashionable for household interiors. Youths of the era became a strong influence on this era of design by attacking the principles of tradition in many ways including interior design. Designers were intri gued and influenced by fantasy films, space travel and its mystique and more. Later this attitude was becoming more relevant with pop art culture, the Beatles, Woodstock, Peace, Love, Psycadelia and the Youth Force. (Kumar, 334)In conclusion it can well be stated that it is true that the movement of music in the form of Rock ‘n’ roll developed and reached at a great height but at the same time it is also a fact that it died out soon in its original form. However, the music of this era left a long standing legacy for generations to come in different forms and designs of music along with different issues to protest along with cultural homogeneous forms and changing socio economic and philosophical context, the basic causes of the development of this musical movement.Works Sited:Dollard, John; Zenith and Zero Points of History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2004) pp 116-7Knott, P; Development of Analysis of US & UK Economy (Dhaka: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2005) pp 188-9Kumar, H; Justice of Winners: Win Some, Lose None (Auckland: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005) pp 334Manning, C S; Principals and Practices of Hollywood Industry (Christchurch: National Book Trust. 2004) pp 279Powell, M; Anatomy of Modern Culture: Independence of Economy (Wellington: ABP Ltd 2001) pp 49-53Prawer, H A; The Kingdom of Rock’n’Roll (Dunedin: Allied Publishers 2004) pp 221-5Tyerman, J; Invention of the Musical Crusades (Dunedin: Allied Publications 2001) pp 233-37

Ooad Lab Manual

Ex. no: 1 STUDY OF UML DIAGRAMS Date: UML DIAGRAMS There are three classifications of UML diagrams: †¢ Behavior diagrams. A type of diagram that depicts behavioral features of a system or business process. This includes activity, state machine, and use case diagrams as well as the four interaction diagrams. †¢ Interaction diagrams. A subset of behavior diagrams which emphasize object interactions. This includes communication, interaction overview, sequence, and timing diagrams. †¢ Structure diagrams. A type of diagram that depicts the elements of a specification that are irrespective of time. This includes class, composite structure, component, deployment, object, and package diagrams. |Diagram |Description |Learning Priority | |Activity Diagram |Depicts high-level business processes, including data flow, or to model the |High | | |logic of complex logic within a system. | |Class Diagram |Shows a collection of static model elements such as classes and types, their |High | | |contents, and their relationships. | | |Communication Diagram |Shows instances of classes, their interrelationships, and the message flow |Low | | |between them. Communication diagrams typically focus on the structural | | | |organization of objects that send and receive messages. Formerly called a | | | |Collaboration Diagram. | | |Component Diagram |Depicts the components that compose and application, system, or enterprise. |Medium | | |The components, their interrelationships, interactions, and their public | | | |interfaces are depicted. | |Composite Structure Diagram |Depicts the internal structure of a classifier(such as a class, component, or|Low | | |use case), including the interaction points of the classifier to other parts | | | |of the system. | | |Deployment Diagram |Shows the execution architecture of systems. This includes nodes, either |Medium | | |hardware or software execution environments, as well as the middleware | | | |connecting them. | | |Interaction Overview Diagram |A variant of an activity diagram which overviews the control flow within a |Low | | |system or business process. Each node/activity within the diagram can | | | |represent another interaction diagram. | |Object Diagram |Depicts objects and their relationships at a point in time, typically a |Low | | |special case of either a class diagram or a communication diagram. | | |Package Diagram |Show how model elements are organized into packages as well as the |Low | | |dependencies between packages. | |Sequence Diagram |Models the sequential logic, in effect the time ordering of messages between |High | | |classifiers. | | |State Machine Diagram |Describes the states an object or interaction may be in, as well as the |Medium | | |transitions between states. Formerly referred to as a state diagram, state | | | |chart diagr am, or a state-transition diagram. | |Timing Diagram |Depicts the change in state or condition of a classifier instance or role |Low | | |over time. Typically used to show the change in state of an object over time | | | |in response to external events. | | |Use Case Diagram |Shows use cases, actors, and their interrelationships. |Medium | USE CASE DIAGRAM: A use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals- represented as use cases- and any dependencies between those use cases. Use case diagram depict: †¢ Use cases. A use case describes a sequence of actions that provide something of measurable value to an actor and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse. †¢ Actors. An actor is a person, organization, or external system that plays a role in one or more interactions with your system. Actors are drawn as stick figures. †¢ Associations. Associations between actors and use cases are indicated in use case diagrams by solid lines. An association exists whenever an actor is involved with an interaction described by a use case. Associations are modeled as lines connecting use cases and actors to one another, with an optional arrowhead on one end of the line. The arrowhead is often used to indicating the direction of the initial invocation of the relationship or to indicate the primary actor within the use case. The arrowheads are typically confused with data flow and as a result I avoid their use. System boundary boxes (optional). You can draw a rectangle around the use cases, called the system boundary box, to indicate the scope of your system. Anything within the box represents functionality that is in scope and anything outside the box is not. System boundary boxes are rarely used, although on occasion I have used them to identify which use cases will be delivered in each major release of a system. †¢ Packages (o ptional). Packages are UML constructs that enable you to organize model elements (such as use cases) into groups. Packages are depicted as file folders and can be used on any of the UML diagrams, including both use case diagrams and class diagrams. I use packages only when my diagrams become unwieldy, which generally implies they cannot be printed on a single page, to organize a large diagram into smaller ones. [pic] RELATIONSHIPS IN USE CASE DIAGRAM: Three relationships among use cases are supported by the UML standard, which describes graphical notation for these relationships. Include In one form of interaction, a given use case may include another. The first use case often depends on the outcome of the included use case. This is useful for extracting truly common behaviors from multiple use cases into a single description. The notation is a dashed arrow from the including to the included use case, with the label â€Å"†. This usage resembles a macro expansion where the included use case behavior is placed inline in the base use case behavior. There are no parameters or return values. Extend In another form of interaction, a given use case, (the extension) may extend another. This relationship indicates that the behavior of the extension use case may be inserted in the extended use case under some conditions. The notation is a dashed arrow from the extension to the extended use case, with the label . This can be useful for dealing with special cases, or in accommodating new requirements during system maintenance and extension. To make the points at which extension may occur explicit extension points may be defined in use cases which are listed in a compartment below the use case name. Generalization In the third form of relationship among use cases, a generalization/ specialization relationship exists. A given use case may be specialized form of an existing use case. The notation is a solid line ending in a hollow triangle drawn from the specialized to the more general use case. This resembles the object-oriented concept of sub-classing, in practice it can be both useful and effective to factor common behaviors, constraints and assumptions to the general use case, describe them once, and deal same as except details in the specialized cases. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM: The well-known Message Sequence Chart technique has been incorporated into the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram under the name of Sequence Diagram. A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines, different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a graphical manner. Sequence diagrams are typically used to model: 1. Usage scenarios. A usage scenario is a description of a potential way your system is used. The logic of a usage scenario may be part of a use case, perhaps an alternate course. It may also be one entire pass through use case, such as the logic described by the basic course of action or a portion of the basic course of action, plus one or more alternate scenarios. The logic of a usage scenario may also be a pass through the logic contained in several use cases. For example, a student enrolls in the university, and then immediately enrolls in three seminars. 2. The logic of methods. Sequence diagrams can be used to explore the logic of a complex operation, function, or procedure. One way to think of sequence diagrams, particularly highly detailed diagrams, is a visual object code. 3. The logic of services. A service is effectively a high-level method, often one that can be invoked by a wide variety of clients. This includes web-services as well as business transactions implemented by a variety of technologies such as CICS/COBOL or CORBA-compliant object request brokers (ORBs). [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language, an activity diagram represents the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control. Describing the basic notations: †¢ Initial node. The filled in circle is the starting point of the diagram. An initial node isn’t required although it does make it significantly easier to read the diagram. †¢ Activity final node. The filled circle with a border is the ending point. An activity diagram can have zero or more activity final nodes. †¢ Activity. The rounded rectangles represent activities that occur. An activity may be physical, such as Inspect Forms, or electronic, such as Display Create Student Screen. †¢ Flow/edge. The arrows on the diagram. Although there is a subtle difference between flows and edges I have never seen a practical purpose for the difference although I have no doubt one exists. I’ll use the term flow. Fork. A black bar with one flow going into it and several leaving it. This denotes the beginning of parallel activity. †¢ Join. A black bar with several flows entering it and one leaving it. All flows going into the join must reach it before processing may continue. This denotes the end of parallel processing. †¢ Condition . Text such as [Incorrect Form] on a flow, defining a guard which must evaluate to true in traverse the node. †¢ Decision. A diamond with one flow entering and several leaving. The flows leaving include conditions although some modelers will not indicate the conditions if it is obvious. Merge. A diamond with several flows entering and one leaving. The implication is that one or more incoming flows much reach this point until processing continues, based on any guards on the outgoing flow. †¢ Partition. Activity Diagram is organized into many partitions, also called swim lanes, indicating who/what is performing the activities (the Applicant, Registrar, or System). †¢ Sub-activity indicator. The rake in the bottom corner of an activity, such as in the Apply to University activity, indicates that the activity is described by a more finely detailed activity diagram. †¢ Flow final. The circle with the X through it. This indicates that the process stops at this point. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a class diagram is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system’s classes, their attributes, and the relationships between the classes. Relationships A relationship is general term covering the specific types of logical connections found on class and object diagrams. UML shows the following relationships: †¢ Instance-Level Relationships o Link A Link is the basic relationship among objects. It is represented as a line connecting two or more object boxes. It can be shown on an object diagram or class diagram. A link is an instance or an association. o Association An Association represents a family of links. Binary associations (with two ends) are normally represented as a line, with each end connected to a class box. Higher order associations can be drawn with more than two ends. In such cases, the ends are connected to a central diamond. An association can be named, and the ends of an association can be adorned with role names, ownership indicators, multiplicity, visibility, and other properties. There are five different types of association. Bi-directional and uni-directional associations are the most common ones. For instance, a flight class is associated with a plane class bi-directionally. Associations can only be shown on class diagrams. o Aggregation Class diagram showing Aggregation between two classes Aggregation is a variant of the â€Å"has a† or association relationship; composition is more specific than aggregation. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can. However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes. Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or container of other classes, but where the contained classes do not have a strong life cycle dependency on the container—essentially, if the container is destroyed, its contents are not. In UML, it is graphically represented as a clear diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class. o Composition Composition is a stronger variant of the â€Å"has a† or association relationship; composition is more specific than aggregation. Composition has a strong life cycle dependency between instances of the container class and instances of the contained class(es): If the container is destroyed, every instance that it contains is destroyed as well. The UML graphical representation of a composition relationship is a filled diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class. o Differences between Composition and Aggregation The whole of a composition must have a multiplicity of 0.. 1 or 1, indicating that a part must be for only one whole. The whole of an aggregation may have any multiplicity. When attempting to represent real-world whole-part relationships, e. g. , an engine is part of a car, the composition relationship is most appropriate. However, when representing a software or database relationship, e. g. , car model engine ENG01 is part of a car model CM01, an aggregation relationship is best, as the engine, ENG01 may be also part of a different car model, CM02. This is often called a â€Å"catalog† relationship. †¢ Class Level Relationships o Generalization Class diagram showing generalization between one super class and two subclasses The generalization relationship indicates that one of the two related classes (the subtype) is considered to be a specialized form of the other (the supertype) and supertype is considered as GENERALIZATION of subtype. In practice, this means that any instance of the subtype is also an instance of the supertype. The relationship is most easily understood by the phrase ‘A is a B’. The UML graphical representation of a Generalization is a hollow triangle shape on the supertype end of the line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more subtypes. The generalized relationship is also known as the inheritance or â€Å"is aâ€Å" relationship. The supertype in the generalization relationship is also known as the â€Å"parent†, super class, base class, or base type. The subtype in the generalization relationship is also known as the â€Å"child’, subclass, derived class, derived type, inheriting class, or inheriting type. †¢ Generalization-Specialization relationship A is a type of B E. g. †an oak is a type of tree†, â€Å"a sedan is a type of vehicle† o Realization In UML modeling, a realization relationship is relationship between model elements, in which one model element (the client) realizes the behavior that the other model element (the supplier) specifies. A realization is displayed in the diagram editor as a dashed line with an unfilled arrowhead towards the supplier. †¢ General Relationship o Dependency(UML) A dependency exists between two defined elements if a change to the definition of one would result in a change to the other. This is indicated by a dashed pointing from the dependent to the independent element. Several named varieties exist. A dependency can be between instances, class, or both. †¢ Multiplicity The association relationship indicates that (at least) one of the two related classes makes reference to the other. In contrast with the generalization relationship, this is most easily understood through the phrase ‘A has a B’{a mother cat has kittens, kittens have a mother cat}. The UML representation of an association is a line with an optional arrowhead indicating the role of the object(s) in the relationship, and an optional notation at each end indicating the multiplicity of instances of that entity ( the number of objects that participate in the association). Common multiplicities are: Indicator Meaning 0.. No instances, or one instance(optional, may) 1 Exactly one instance 0.. * or * Zero or more instances 1.. * One or more instances(at least one) n Exactly n instances(n>1) 0.. n Zero or n instances(n>1) 1.. n One or n instances(n>1) [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language, a component diagram depicts how a software system is split up into physical components and shows the dependencies among these components. Physical components could be, for example, files, header, link libraries, modules, executables, or packages. Component diagrams can be used to model and document any system’s architecture. Component diagrams are particularly useful with larger teams. Your initial architectural modeling efforts during cycle 0 should focus on identifying the initial architectural landscape for your system. UML component diagrams are great for doing this as they enable you to model the high-level software components, and more importantly the interfaces to those components. Once the interfaces are defined, and agreed to by your team, it makes it much easier to organize the development effort between sub teams. You will discover the need to evolve the interfaces to reflect new requirements or changes to your design as your project progresses, changes that need to be negotiated between the sub teams and then implemented appropriately. [pic] INTRODUCTION TO RATIONAL ROSE Rational rose Rational Rose is an object-oriented Unified Modeling Language(UML) software design tool intended for visual modeling and component construction of enterprise-level software applications. In much the same way a theatrical director blocks out a play, a software designer uses Rational rose to visually create(model) the framework for an application by blocking out classes with actors(stick figures), use case elements(ovals), objects(rectangles) and messages/relationships(arrows) in a sequence diagram using drag-and-drop symbols. Rational Rose documents the diagram as it is being constructed and then generates code in the designer’s choice of C++, Visual Basic, Java, Oracle8,CORBA or Data Definition Language. Two popular features of Rational Rose are its ability to provide iterative development and round-trip engineering. Rational Rose allows designers to take advantage of iterative development(sometimes called evolutionary development) because the new application can be created in stages with the output of one iteration becoming the input to the next. (This is in contrast to waterfall development where the whole project is completed from start to finish before a user gets to try it out. ) Then, as the developer begins to understand how the components interact and makes modifications in the design, Rational Rose can perform what is called â€Å"round-trip engineering† by going back and updating the rest of the model to ensure the code remains consistent. Rational rose is extensible, with downloadable add-ins and third-party applications. It supports COM/DCOM(ActiveX), JavaBeans, and Corba component standards. Views in UML/Rational Rose There are four views for a model created in Rational Rose, each representing the system from a different point of view. The Use Case View The use case view contains the diagrams used in analysis(use case, sequence, and collaboration), and all the elements that compromise these diagrams(e. g. , actors). More recent versions of Rational Rose also allow for additional documentation in the form of word-processed documents and/or URLs to Web-based materials. The purpose of the use case view is to envisage what the system must do, without dealing with the specifics of how it will be implemented. Logical View The logical view contains the diagrams used in object design(class diagrams and state transition diagrams). It offers a detailed view of how the system envisaged in the use case view will be implemented. The basic element in this view is the class, which includes an outline of its attributes and operations. This directly corresponds to a class created in your chosen implementation language. From the logical view, skeletal code can be generated for implementation into a computer language. More recent versions of Rational Rose not only can generate skeletal code for Visual C++, Visual Java, or Visual BASIC, but also reverse engineer programs created in these languages into Rational Rose models. This allows existing components to be included in documented models, if there is access to the source code. In addition, changes that need to be made during implementation can be reflected in the documentation of the design model. Component View The component view is a step up from the logical view and contains diagrams used in system design(component diagrams). This includes information about the code libraries, executable programs, runtime libraries, and other software components that comprise the completed systems. Components can be pre-existing; for example, a Windows program in Visual C++ will utilize Microsoft Foundation Class to provide the framework for the Windows interface. Components that do not exist and need to be created by the developers will have to be designed in the logical view. Deployment View The deployment view illustrates how the completed system will be physically deployed. This view is necessary for complex applications in which a system will have different components located on different machines. For example, interface components may be located on a user machine while other components may be located on a network server. INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development(RAD) of graphical user interface(GUI) applications, access to databases using DAO, RDO, or ADO, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. LANGUAGE BASICS: Visual Basic was designed to be easy to learn and use. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop fairly complex applications as well. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue. Forms are created using drag and drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e. g. , text boxes, buttons, etc. ) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table entry. String comparisons are case sensitive by the default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired. The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages(C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLL’s) and threading models. Result: Thus the UML diagrams and introduction to Visual Basic was studied. PASSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM Ex. No: 2. a Date: Aim: To Study the software requirements specification for passport automation system. Problem Statement Passport Automation System is used in the effective dispatch of passport to all of the applicants. This system adopts a comprehensive approach to minimize the manual work and schedule resources, time in a cogent manner. The core of the system is to get the online registration form (with details such as name, address etc. ,)   filled by the applicant whose testament is verified for its genuineness by the Passport Automation System with respect to the already existing information in the database. This forms the first and foremost step in the processing of passport application. After the first round of verification done by the system, the information is in turn forwarded to the regional administrator's (Ministry of External Affairs) office. The application is then processed manually based on the report given by the system, and any forfeiting identified can make the applicant liable to penalty as per the law. The system also provides the applicant the list of available dates for appointment to ‘document verification' in the administrator's office, from which they can select one. The system forwards the necessary details to the police for its separate verification whose report is then presented to the administrator. The administrator will be provided with an option to display the current status of application to the applicant, which they can view in their online interface. After all the necessary criteria has been met, the original information is added to the database and the passport is sent to the applicant. Software Requirements Specification 1. 0 Introduction Passport Automation System is an interface between the Applicant and the Authority responsible for the Issue of Passport. It aims at improving the efficiency in the Issue of Passport and reduce the complexities involved in it to the maximum possible extent. 1. 1 Purpose If the entire process of ‘Issue of Passport' is done in a manual manner then it would take several months for the passport to reach the applicant. Considering the fact that the number of applicants for passport is increasing every year, an Automated System becomes essential to meet the demand. So this system uses several programming and database techniques to elucidate the work involved in this process. As this is a matter of National Security, the system has been carefully verified and validated in order to satisfy it. 1. 2 Scope †¢ The System provides an online interface to the user where they can fill in their personal details and submit the necessary documents (may be by scanning). The authority concerned with the issue of passport can use this system to reduce his workload and process the application in a speedy manner. †¢ Provide a communication platform between the applicant and the administrator. †¢ Transfer of data between the Passport Issuing Authority and the Local Police for verification of applicant's information. †¢ Users/Applicants will come to know their status of application and the date in which they must subject themselves for manual document verification. 1. Definitions, Acronyms and the Abbreviations  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢ Administrator – Refers to the super user who is the Central Authority who has been vested with the privilege to manage the entire system. It can be any higher official in the Regional Passport Office of Ministry of External Affairs. †¢ Applicant – One who wishes to obtain the Passport. †¢ PAS – Refers to this Passport Automation System. †¢ HTML – Markup Language used for creating web pages. †¢ J2EE – Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a programming platform and it is the partof the java platform for developing and running distributed java applications. HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. †¢ TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the communication protocol used to connect hosts on the Internet. 1. 4 References IEEE Software Requirement Specification format. 1. 5 Technologies to be used †¢ HTML†¢ JSP†¢ Javascript †¢ Java†¢ XML†¢ AJAX 1. 6 Tools to be Used †¢ Eclipse IDE ( Integrated Development Enivronment) †¢ Rational Rose tool ( for developing UML Patterns) 1. 7 Overview SRS includes two sections overall description and specific requirements – Overall description will describe major role of the system components and inter-connections. Specific requirements will describe roles & functions of the actors. 2. 0 Overall Description 2. 1 Product Perspective The PAS acts as an interface between the ‘applicant' and the ‘administrator'. This system tries to make the interface as simple as possible and at the same time not risking the security of data stored in. This minimizes the time duration in which the user receives the passport. 2. 2 Software Interface †¢ Front End Client – The applicant and Administrator online interface is built using JSP and HTML. The Administrators's local interface is built using Java. †¢ Web Server – Glassfish application server(Oracle Corporation). Back End – Oracle database. 2. 3 Hardware Interface The server is directly connected to the client systems. The client systems have access to the database in the server. 2. 4 System Functions †¢ Secure Registration of information by the Applicants. †¢ Schedule the applicants an appointment for manu al verification of original documents. †¢ Panel for Passport Application Status Display by the Administrator. †¢ SMS and Mail updates to the applicants by the administrator. †¢ Administrator can generate reports from the information and is the only authorized personnel to add the eligible application information to the database. . 5 User Characteristics †¢ Applicant – They are the people who desires to obtain the passport and submit the information to the database. †¢ Administrator – He has the certain privileges to add the passport status and to approve the issue of passport. He may contain a group of persons under him to verify   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   the documents and give suggestion whether or not to approve the dispatch of passport. †¢ Police – He is the person who upon receiving intimation from the PAS, perform a personal verification of the applicant and see if he has any criminal case against him before or at present. He has been vetoed with the power to decline an application by suggesting it to the Administrator if he finds any discrepancy with the applicant. He communicates via this PAS. 2. 6   Constraints †¢ The applicants require a computer to submit their information. †¢ Although the security is given high importance, there is always a chance of intrusion in the web world which requires constant monitoring. †¢ The user has to be careful while submitting the information. Much care is required. 2. 7 Use Case Model Description The usecase model is a representation of the interaction between the users and the system. It captures the goals of the users and the responsibility of the system to the users. It is a special flow of events through the system. Grouping of usecases can manages the complexities and reduce the number of usecases in the package. The usecase model describes the uses of the system and show the courses of events that can be performed. A usecase is an interaction between user and system; it captures the goals of the user and the responsibility of the system to its users. It defines what happens in the system when the usecase is performed. 2. 8   Assumptions and Dependencies The Applicants and Administrator must have basic knowledge of computers and English Language. †¢ The applicants may be required to scan the documents and send. Result: Thus the software requirements specification for passport automation system was studied. Gantt Chart for Passport Automation System Ex No : 2. b Date: Aim: To develop a risk management and project plan for passport automation system using Gantt Chart. Introduction: A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i. e. , precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical â€Å"TODAY† line as shown here. [pic] Passport Automation System For the project, the activities considered are: 1. Requirement Analysis 2. Literature Survey and Specification 3. Preliminary Design 4. Detailed Design 5. Testing 6. Operation and Maintenance [pic] Result: Thus the risk management and project plan for passport automation system was designed using Gantt Chart. EX. NO:2 c DATE: PASSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM AIM: To analyze and design a system for Passport Automation using Rational Rose tool. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT To create a software system for the applicant(s), applying for the passport by verifying the information provided by them. 2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION The modules are for 1. Applicant Applicant has to provide the information like Name, Gender, Age, Qualification, Parents’ Name, Communication address, Phone no, etc. Also, they need to provide the DD details. . Passport Issuing Authority This system will verify the details provided by the applicant. And check whether the applicant is provided with passport or not. The details of the applicant are stored in the Database. 3. Database This will store the details of the applicant for future reference. 2. 1 SOFTWARE REQURIEMENTS 1. Rational Rose 2. 2 HARDWARE REQURIMENTS 1. 128MB RAM 2. Pentium III Processor 3. DESIGN 1. USE CASE DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 2 CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 2 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 3 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 4 COMPONENET DIAGRAM [pic] JAVA CODING: Database. java ublic class database { private int applicantDetails; public database() { } public void storeTheDetails() { } public void issueDetailsToAuthortiy() { } } Applicant. java public class APPLICANT { private int firstName; private int surname; private int Sex; private int DOB; private int placeOfBirth; private int district; private int qualification; private int height; private int weight; private int presnetAddress; private int permanentAddress; private int fathersName; private int mothersName; private int emailId; private int phoneNumber; private int DDNO; private int DDDATE; ublic passportIssueAuthority thePassportIssueAuthority; } public APPLICANT() { } PassportIssueAuthority. java public class passportIssueAuthority { private int authorityName; private int authorityId; private int work Place; public APPLICANT theAPPLICANT; public database theDatabase; public passportIssueAuthority() {} public void issuePassport() { } public void verify() { } public void cancellation() { } } RESULT: Thus the UML diagrams for Passport Automation System was analyzed and designed using Rational Rose. EXNO:3 DATE:BOOK BANK 1. OBJECTIVE: a. To implement book bank system online. . To provide the students with the information on books and scheduled times of book rental available. c. To ensure validity and security in the online book bank management system. 2. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: The book bank system project is a software tool created to help and access the students gather required information about the various books in the institution the project is web based interactive application. Focus is laid solely on the book display,schedule,categories,syllabus and payment as per required. 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: USER PERSONAL AND CHARACTERISTICS: The target client for our software are students who lively are interested in rental of books be it either from engineering or medical genre in the institution. They can log into our website and browse the courses which they have aspiration to study. The student must register themselves online,which is free. The booking or reservation of the books is online,the detailed description about their book package and necessary terms and condition norms would be emailed to the students registered email address which he/she may provide during the time of registration. PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE: This product requires a web browser which is capable of playing flash media. †¢ This program will not be dependent on any other software and is not a component of another program. †¢ This program does not require any new hardware. 4. REQUIREMENTS: (a). FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: A functional requirement defines a function of a software system on its component. A function is described as a set of inout ,the behaviour and output. i. A main menu including a brief help section. ii. Login iii. Viewing book details. iv. Displaying details. v. Maintain and update book details. vi. Logout. . REQUIREMENTS: The system should have the requirements of the project. The developer should prepare the requirements of the project. The should prepare the requirements which are need for the software. 2. ANALYSIS: Analyze the requirements whether it provides proper operations/output and performs the task. 3. DESIGN: Project manager should design the layout of the project before going to implement time allocation,cost allocation and staff allocation wil coming under design process. 4. IMPLEMENTATION: After encomposing all the diagrams,we have to generate code for each and every diagrams i. from usecase to deployment. 5. TESTING: Afteer implementing the diagram with domain language,we have to test the particular projects. 6. MAINTAINENCE: The system should be easily updated. The system should utilize t he interchangeable plugins software developed should maintain the cost and time schedule of the project. (b). NON- FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: Nonfunctional requirements define the needs in terms if performance, logical database requirements, design constraints, standard compliance, reliability, availability, security, maintainability and portability. i. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS: Performance requirements define acceptable response times for system functionality. †¢ The total time for user interface screens will take no longer than two seconds. †¢ The login information shall be verified within the seconds. †¢ Queries shall results within five seconds. ii. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS: The software shall be a standard system running in a windows environment. The system shall be developed using rational enterprise suite and oracle 10i database. iii. RELIABILITY: Specify the factors required to establish the required reliability of the software system at time of delivery. iv. AVAILABILITY: The system should have an availability of 99. 99%. v. PORTABILITY: †¢ The system should be extremely via the usb drive. †¢ The system shall be easy to migrate or backed up via another use drive. vi. MAINTAINABILITY: †¢ The system shall utilize interchangeable plugins. †¢ The system shall be easily updateable for fixes and patches. (c). HARDWERE REQUIREMENTS: |1. |Processor |- |Intel Pentium IV-2. 0 GHZ. | |2. |Hardware |- |40 GB. | |3. |RAM |- |512mb | |4. |DVD RAM |- |1 nos. | | | | |(d). SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: | | | |1. |OS |- |Windows XP/vista. | |2. |Front end Tool |- |Rational Rose Enterprise suite. | |3. |Back end Tool |- |MSAccess | | | | | |5. MODULE DISCRIPTION: | | | In this project we have defined different modules to enable the Book Bank system in successful manner. i. REGISTER: The register module contains the application form or registration form which contains following details. †¢ Name, Address, Contact number, E-mail id, Password etc. ii. LOGIN: The Login module contains the form which contain membership name and member password. It includes Username and Password. iii. SEARCH BOOK: The search book module contain list of books, from this list we search for the book which we need. This also contains another field called as categories where can select the category of the book. iv. DISPLAY DETAILS: Display the details about the students particulars, the payments, the books, rental and schedule times for books etc. v. MAINTAIN BOOK DETAILS: The administrator maintains the details of books. vi. LOGOUT: To sign off from the webpage or your account log off. 6. DOMAIN MODEL: A domain model is a visual representation of conceptual classes or real situations object in a domain. In object oriented analysis, the domain model is the most important. †¢ It illustrates the concept in the domain. †¢ It act as a source of inspiration for designing some software objects. 7. PARTIAL LAYERED ARCHITECTURE: Sequence diagram is an interaction overview diagram. It provides a big picture overview of how a set of interaction are related in terms of logic and process flow. This P artial layer architecture shows the interface of the sequence diagram, here the administrator shows the interface by displaying actor symbol. 8. LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE: The Logical architecture is large scale organization of software class into packages, sub system layer, It is called logical architecture because there is no direction about how these elements are display on different operating system. 9. RISK ACTIVITY: †¢ Personal short falls. †¢ Unrealistic schedules and budgets. †¢ Developing the wrong functions and programs. †¢ Developing the wrong user interface. †¢ Continuing stream of requirements changes. †¢ Short falls in externally furnished component. †¢ Real time performance short falls. †¢ Straining computer science capabilities. RISK ASSESSMENT: Figure out what the risks are and what to focus on. †¢ Making a list of all of the potential dangers that will affect the project. †¢ Assessing the probability of occurrence and potential ross of each item listed. RISK CONTROL: †¢ Monitoring the effectiveness of the strategies and the changing levels of risk throughout the project. †¢ T echniques and strategies to migrate the highest ordered risks. 10. GANTT CHART: It describes the time schedule for the planning to complete the corresponding and after completion of core product, what the time is taken for the project action of core product. 11. POST- FUNCTION AND PRE-FUNCTION: MODULE: Registering PRE-FUNCTION: †¢ Login to the website. †¢ Collection the required documents to be submitted for registration. POST-FUNCTION: †¢ Verification of documents submitted. †¢ Conformation email sent accessing that authentication can be prevailed for the individual. MODULE: Display book details PRE-FUNCTION: Analyze the course of semester of logger. POST-FUNCTION: Display the required book details. 12. UML PACKAGE DIAGRAM: A package diagram provides a way to group element. Here we have grouped the 6 main elements of software project grouped the in order register, login, search book. It goes to update and sales record. A package name may be based on tab if the package shows the member of main package. 13. TECHNICAL SERVICES LAYER: Technical service layer describes the relationship between different actors, components of the software process for any admin seek the registration for new visitor. So that the new visitor can login the website and search for book and if need can buy it. 14. DOMAIN SERVICES LAYER: After technical services layer from partial layered architecture, we are going to generate the coding in java or VB the project domain is now finalized in JAVA/VB. 15. USER INTERFACE LAYER: . ADMIN: The administrator is used to register a new visitor for the website. Admin can keep those records update. Admin keep sales record i. e. , now much book is downloaded and how much book is buyed newly with copy write etc. ii. REGISTERED USER: Registered user can search the book whatever needs and can read the book in online. If user is satisfied with this book, can d ownload the book but after payment. iii. VISITOR: The visitor can register the application form and become a member of the website. The visitor can search books and read the boook but he must register to buy or download the book. UML USECASE DIAGRAM: Uml provides use case diagram notation to iilustrate the names of use case and author relationship between them. Use case diagram and case relationship are secondary in use case work use case text document. UML CLASS DIAGRAM: The Uml class diagram is to illustrate class interfaces as their actions. They are used for static object modeling, we have already introduced and used their uml diagram while domain modeling. UML SEQUENCE DIAGRAM: A sequence diagram illustrate a kind of format in which each object interact via message. It is generalize between two or more specialized diagram. PARTIAL LAYER ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM: Sequence diagram is an interaction overview diagram. It provides a big picture overview of how a set of interaction are related in terms of logic and process flow. This Partial layer architecture shows the interface of the sequence diagram, here the administrator shows the interface by displaying actor symbol UML COLLABRATION DIAGRAM: COLLABRATION diagram illustrate that object interact on a graph or network format in which object can be placed where the diagram. In collaboration diagram the object can be placed in anywhere on the diagram. The collaboration comes from sequence diagram. UML STATE CHART DIAGRAM: A Uml state machine represents the interaction events and states of an object and behavior of an object in reaction to an event.. Transaction shown as allows labeled with their event. It is included with initial pseudo state and fins end state UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAM: A Uml activity diagram shows sequential and parallel activates in a process, work flows, data flows and compiler algorithm. UML COMPONENT DIAGRAM: Components are slightly fuzzy concept in this Uml, because both class and components can be used to model the something. UML DEPLOYEMENT DIAGRAM: Deployment diagram shows the assignment of concrete software artifact to computational nodes. It shows the deployment of software elements to the physical elements. Deployment diagram are useful to communicate or deployment architecture. IMPLEMENTATION: After the completion of UML diagrams for BOOK BANK SYSTEM we should generate the code. Select the tools option from main menu then select the sub option program module in which we are going to generate the code in JAVA/VB/J2EE. Then go ahead and select the generate code option as a result of code generation. TESTING: To perform the testing for the generated code again select the tools option from menu bar and choose quality architecture option a sub window gets opened. We are going to perform Unit Test and Scenario testing for our project. So, select these testing option one by one and testing activity is carried out for all the coding and testing is carried out. CONCLUSION: Thus the project for BOOK BANK SYSTEM has been successfully executed and codes are generated. STOCK MAINTENANCE SYSTEM Ex. No: 4 Date: AIM: To analyze and design a system for Stock Maintenance System using Rational Rose tool. Problem Statement: INVENTORY SYSTEM is a real time application used in the merchant’s day to day system. This is a database to store the transaction that takes places between the Manufacturer, Dealer and the Shop Keeper that includes stock inward and stock outward with reference to the dealer. Here we assume our self as the Dealer and proceed with the transaction as follows: The Manufacturer is the producer of the items and it contains the necessary information of the item such as price per item, Date of manufacture, best before use, Number of Item available and their Company Address. The Dealer is the secondary source of an Item and he purchases Item from the manufacturer by requesting the required Item with its corresponding Company Name and the Number of Items required. The Dealer is only responsible for distribution of the Item to the Retailers in the Town or City. The Shop Keeper or Retailer is the one who is prime source for selling items in the market. The customers get Item from the Shop Keeper and not directly from the Manufacturer or the Dealer. The Stock is the database used in our System which records all transactions that takes place between the Manufacturer and the Dealer and the Dealer and the Retailer. USE CASE DIAGRAM : [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM : [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM : [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM : [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM : [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM : [pic] DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM : [pic] Javacoding: Manufacturer. java public class manufacturer { private int manufacturername; private int companyname; private int dateofmanufactured; private int addres; private int contactno; private int name; public dealer theDealer; public manufacturer() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } } Dealer. java public class dealer { private int dealername; private int dateofitemsreceived; private int address; private int contactnumber; rivate int price; private int noofitemsordered; private int noofitemssold; public manufacturer theManufacturer; public shopkeeper theShopkeeper; public dealer() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } public void showstockdetails() { } } Shopkeeper. java public class shopkeeper { private int shopkeepername; private int address; private int contactnum ber; private int price; private int numberofitemsordered; public dealer theDealer; public shopkeeper() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } } RESULT: Thus the UML diagrams for Stock Maintenance was analyzed and designed using Rational Rose. Ex No: 5 Date: ONLINE COURSE REGISTRATION SYSTEM AIM: To create a system through which students can register to the courses desired by them, using Rational Rose tool. Problem statement ? The system is built to be used by students and managed by an administrator. ? The student and employee have to login to the system before any processing can be done. ? The student can see the courses available to him and register to the course he wants. ? The administrator can maintain the course details and view all the students who have registered to any course. System requirements Rational Rose Software Use-case diagram The course registration system has the following use-cases Login View course details Registration Display details Maintain course details Logout The actors involved in the system are 1. Student 2. Administrator Use-case name: Login The user enters the username and password and chooses if the user is student or administrator. If entered details are valid, the user’s account becomes available. If it is invalid, an appropriate message is displayed to the user. Use-case name: View course details In this use case, a student can search all the courses available to him and choose the best course he wants. The student can view the course duration, faculty and department of the courses he may choose. Use-case name: Registration When a student has successfully chosen a course, he can register to that course. Upon registration, the student’s details are stored in the database. Use-case name: Display details After registration to any course, the student may see the details of his current course. He may wish to know details about fees and other information. The administrator also has the privilege to display details of the the students and the corresponding course for which they have registered. Use-case name: Maintain course details The administrator has to perform the duties of maintaining the course details. Any change to the course structure is maintained by the administrator. Use-case name: Logout After all the desired transactions are made, the user may choose to logout from the system to save all he changes they have made. Use-case diagram for course registration system [pic] Class diagram The class diagram is a graphical representation of all the classes used in the system and their operations, attributes and relationships. The course registration system makes use of the following classes: . Stud(student details) 2. Administrator 1) Stud It consists of the details of all the students present in the database. The attributes present in this class are student id, password, name, age, sex, course and attendance. The object of this class is created as soon as the student registers to a course. The operations available to this class are login (), logout (), confirmation () , register (), and view course details (). 2) Administrator It consists of details of all the courses available to the student. The attributes present in this class are username, password, course fees, fees due, marks, and attendance. The operations available to this class are login (), logout (), ma course details (), display course (), and confirmation (). Class diagram for course registration system [pic] Sequence diagram Sequence and collaboration diagram for login to the system [pic] [pic] Sequence and collabaration diagram for logout [pic] [pic] Sequence and collabaration diagram for registration to a course [pic] [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM : [pic] JAVA CODE: Public class stud { Private int sid; Private string passwd; Private int age; Private int sex; Public admin; Public stud() { } Public void logout() { } Public void confirm() { } RESULT: Thus the Online course registration system was designed and analyzed using Rational Rose. Ex No: 6 Date: ONLINE TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM (E – Ticket) AIM: To analyze and design a system for Online Ticket Reservation System (E – Ticket) using Rational Rose tool. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT To book a ticket for a user online ticket reservation system software and to confirm the ticket booking, making the payment, printing the tickets has to designed using Rational Rose tool. . OVERALL DESCRIPTION 1. LOGIN †¢ Before entering the system, users have to login †¢ Get the username and password from existing users. †¢ Give new users the option to sign up. 2. AVAILABILITY †¢ Get the source and destination. †¢ Provide a dropdown box for the date. †¢ Check availability of tickets. 3. RESCHEDULE †¢ If tickets are available, get the number of passengers. †¢ Get the name and age of all passengers. †¢ If tickets are not available, reschedule. 4. PAYMENT DETAILS †¢ Print the cost of the tickets. †¢ Get the payment details from the user. †¢ Confirm the details and the ticket. Display confirmed ticket to the user. USECASE DIAGRAM [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] STATE CHART DIAGRAM [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM [pic] DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM [pic] Javacoding: Customerdetails. java public class customerdetails { private int name; private int address; private int email; private int age; public booking theBooking; public customerdetails() { } public void book() { } } Booking. java public class booking { private int booking_no; private int date; private int total; private int status; private int name; public payment thePayment; ublic booking() { } public void pay() { } } Payment. java public class payment { private in t date; private int amount; public payment() { } } RESULT: Thus the Online Ticket Reservation System have been designed and verified using Rational Rose Tool. Ex No:7 Date: SOFTWARE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AIM: To analyze and design a system for Software Personnel Management System using Rational Rose tool. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT To compute the gross pay of a person using the software personnel management system software and to add new details to the existing database and update it, using Rational Rose tool. . OVERALL DESCRIPTION The three modules are 1. Login The employee details has to be entered and if needed the details can be edited. 2. Pay slip It contains details such as employee id, employee name, department, experience, and basic pay. 3. View Updated database would be present. The details of the employee can be used for further reference. 2. 1 SOFTWARE REQURIEMENTS: 1. Rational Rose 2. 2 HARDWARE REQURIMENTS: 4. 128MB RAM 5. Pentium III Processor 3. DESIGN USECASE DIAGRAM [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM [pic] JAVA CODING: PAYROLLLOGIN. JAVA public class payrolllogin { private int enterdetails; private int editdetails; public payslip thePayslip; public viewdetails theViewdetails; public payrolllogin() { } public void exit() { } } VIEWDETAILS. JAVA public class viewdetails { private int eid; private int ename; private int dept; private int exp; private int basicpay; private int hra; private int da; private int bpf; private int gpay; public viewdetails() { }